Employment †Management Essay

For the longest time I could not decide on a major and a career to study throughout college. When I came to Georgia Southern University I discovered that they had a major that was very interesting to me. Sport Management id the ideal major for my interest and me. Since I love sports I figured that this would be the career for me. A degree in Sport Management helps to prepare for success in sport related occupations. The job market varies in the field of sport management. Some occupational opportunities include: athletic trainer, coach, sports official, Sports agent, camp director, sporting goods sales/dealer, pro scout, athletic director, sport promoter. The list can go on of the opportunities in this career. Mostly anything sport related in today’s business world is included also. The nature of a person in a sport management career is based solely around sports. Depending on what occupation you decide to pursue the work and conditions will differ. Some typical activities are, plan and direct athletic events, represent professional athletes, plan and direct the training of the team players, evaluate skills and potential of players, or work extensively with players, coaches, officials, managers etc. The work condition can vary with different jobs or tasks. A scout will be called on to travel about 3/4 of the time. Athletic directors handle the athletics of their prospective schools along with coaches. A sports agent working conditions can involve a lot of long hours and extended pressure. Some employment settings are colleges/universities, camps, sporting goods stores, management firms, professional teams, fitness centers and the media. The job outlook for most careers in Sport Management is fair to good. Sport Management is one of the fastest growing fields of study in the country. With that there will lots of job openings and new businesses starting. Some jobs in this field are limited. For instance, anything dealing with professional teams is limited due to the number of sports teams. Successes in the teams help with salary and benefits for the employees. Most jobs in the sport management field are setup to where an employee must work his or her way up the ladder. For example, the job may ask the employee to assist in work and the salaries are not as high. In some jobs such as being a general manager of a professional team the job is to an extent being in the right place at the right time. Careers in sport management require some necessary in order to be successful. Being able to communicate effectively is a very important skill in this career. Giving Speeches is one part of communication that is important. Decision Making, Organizing, Leading/Coordinating and being able to motivate others is also critical in the career. Qualifications for most jobs require a bachelor’s degree, sport experience and management training.

Do you consider Mr and Mrs Bennet to be good parents? Essay

I do not consider Mr or Mrs Bennet to be good parents. Jane Austen does not present them in a favourable light and I think anyone who reads this novel would get the impression that they are not good parents. A responsibility of fathers in society in Austen’s day was to provide financially for his children so they have secure futures. However, Mr Bennet does not do this. He pays little thought to the girls’ futures and seems to be a man who does not really consider anything seriously. We know this because Austen tells us, after Lydia had run away and Mr Bennet believes himself in the debt of Mr Gardiner, that Mr Bennet had often wished that he had saved an annual sum for the â€Å"better provision of his children, and of his wife† and that now he â€Å"wished it more than ever.† This shows us he is unthoughtful and makes foolish decisions, which later on he regrets. Mr Bennet does not take anything seriously or talks to Mrs Bennet with respect or seriousness. This means the girls do not grow up in a very happy or secure home. The parents’ marriage has not gone well and Mr Bennet only married Mrs Bennet on account of her â€Å"youth and good humour†. We learn of his lack of respect for her as he tells her, after hearing her complain about her nerves, that he respects her nerves and says, ‘They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least’. He enjoys teasing his wife and pretends that he hasn’t visited Bingley – just to see the shock on his wife’s face when he tells them. He is actually very cruel to Mrs Bennet, as she does not understand his sarcastic wit. This lack of understanding is reflected in Lydia, who has grown up to believe that jokes, even cruel ones, are the way to behave, thanks to her father’s behaviour and influence. In her letter telling of her elopement as she wrote to Mrs Forster, she sys that she will laugh and ‘what a good joke it will be’. A mother in Austen’s day should be responsible for helping her daughters find husbands. This seems to be Mrs Bennet’s strong point but she seems to let this objective take over. Rather than considering their present state, she is always thinking about the future and is prepared to embarrass her girls in order to give them a chance to marry well. For example, on page 27, Mrs Bennet makes Jane ride on a horse in the hope that it might rain so she would become ill and ‘stay all night’ in Bingley’s house. Austen writes that Mrs Bennet was ‘delighted’ when a downpour started. This shows inconsideration, little motherly love and that Mrs Bennet is obsessed with Bingley marrying Jane. Jane could have been taken seriously ill. This does not show that Mrs Bennet is a good parent. Another responsibility of the mother was to bring up her children in a well-bred manner. I will explain in the following paragraphs how clearly Mrs Bennet does not do this. Mrs Bennet is an attention seeker. This is shown in her continual frustrated complaints about her ‘poor nerves’. After Lydia has run away she tells anybody who will listen that she is ‘frightened out of my wit†¦such spasms in my side, and pains in my head, and beatings at heart that I can get no rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ She also predicts her future in such a sorrowful way as to gain attention – she says to the Gardiners that Mr Bennet will die in a fight with Wichkam and the Collinses will turn her out of her home. She feels sorry for herself and states ‘but I was over-ruled, as I always am’. This is resulting from the lack of respect Mr Bennet shows her. We can see this reflected in Mary at the Netherfield ball, where she gets up to sing and play the piano. She is seeking attention and is proud of her accomplishments, although Austen tells us her voice is ‘weak’. At the Netherfield ball, Mrs Bennet embarrasses Lizzy by talking loudly near Darcy about Jane and Bingley and the Lucases. When entreated by Lizzy to quieten down, she replies, ‘I am sure we owe him (Darcy) no such particular civility as to be obliged to say nothing that he may not like to hear’. In Austen’s day this behaviour would have been absolutely unacceptable and looked on with contempt as Mrs Bennet shows ill breeding. This encourages the girls to be gossips, tactless and rude. Mrs Bennet does nothing throughout the novel to teach and instruct her five girls of how to behave in society, that is, apart from how to find husbands. Mrs Bennet has violent mood swings. When she first heard of Lydia’s elopement she was in ‘hysterics’ and complained of ‘tremblings†¦spasms in my side and pains in my head’ and said Mr Bennet would be killed and they would be turned out of their home. When she heard that Lydia and Wickham were to be married, she immediately forgot her pains and sorrows and told everyone ‘I knew how it would be’. Mrs Bennet also does not show gratitude – a bad influence on her daughters. When apparently Mr Gardiner pays Wickham to marry Lydia, she says that ‘who else should do it but her own uncle’. This quality is reflected in Lydia, who is never grateful for anything. We can also look at the way the parent treat their daughters directly, as well as subtly influencing them. Both parents show favouritism. Mr Bennet to Lizzy because of her sense and wit, Mrs Bennet to Lydia for being like herself, and also to Jane for her beauty. Mr Bennet also insults his children, instead of gently putting them on the right path. He tells them they are ‘silly’, especially Lydia and Kitty – ‘you must be two of the silliest girls in the country’. Mr Bennet does not seem to try all at being a good father. He ignores all his children but Lizzy. Mrs Bennet does not seem to have time for her daughters except Lydia and Jane. We can also look at the Mr Bennet’s reaction to Lydia running off with Wickham. He blames himself for he let Lydia go to Brighton although Lizzy warned him against it. Even in his guilt, Mr Bennet is sarcastic by telling Lizzy to allow him to feel guilty for once and then says, ‘I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. It will pass away soon enough’. Then he tells Kitty that she cannot go out of the house until she has proved herself to be sensible – and Kitty bursts unto tears at this. Previously, I have looked at what the Bennet parents are like to see how good parents they are, but if we look at the Bennet sisters, we can see how they have been brought up, and the parents’ qualities will reflect in the daughters. Lydia is a flirt, has no self-awareness and is very immature. We see this in the way she pleads to go to Brighton so she can mix with the officers there. When she is invited, Austen tells us in her imagination, Lydia sees herself â€Å"seated beneath a tent, tenderly flirting with at least six officers all at once†. Mrs Bennet encourages Lydia by telling her of her own childhood flirtations – â€Å"I cried for two days when Colonel Millar’s regiment went away. I thought I should have broke my heart!† In Austen’s day flirting would have been looked upon as unacceptable behaviour. And Lydia is fifteen, which is much to young to go to Brighton with the officers and this is proven by her immature elopement. Kitty has a very weak character resulting from a lack of teaching and discipline from the Bennet parents. We see this in the way she constantly follows and copies Lydia. She backs her up when arguing about going to Brighton, and only when she is completely separated from Lydia does she improve. Austen tells us – â€Å"removed from the influence of Lydia’s example, she became, by proper attention and management, less irritable, less ignorant, and less insipid†. Only two out of the five girls are really a credit to Mr and Mrs Bennet – Jane and Lizzy. Jane is very caring and always sees the best in people. Even when she knows Wickham’s true character she refers to him as â€Å"Poor Wickham!† Towards the middle of the novel, Lizzy is beginning to see her family in the same light as outsiders would and becomes aware of their many failings. She also develops more self-awareness, which her parents did not teach her. Lizzy does show one of her father’s traits – her humour. Lizzy makes a joke out of the hurt Darcy caused by ‘slighting her’. Austen writes, ‘she had a lively, playful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous’. This is shown in her father at the Netherfield ball, where Mr Collins embarrasses the family and Austen writes, ‘no one looked more amused than Mr Bennet himself’. To conclude, from Austen’s use of language and the impression she gives, I believe Mr and Mrs Bennet are not good parents.

Absent Joining Chain Effect on Immune Response

Absent Joining Chain Effect on Immune Response Critical Review of a Journal Kallberg, E. and Leanderson, T., 2006. Joining-chain (J-chain) negative mice are B cell memory deficient. European Journal of Immunology, 36, 1398-1403. Overview The journal article falls under the main subject area of cellular immune response, where the effect of the absence of joining chain locus on T- cell dependent immune responses on mice was explored. While the authors’ previous study establishes the production of impaired IgM secretion from mice with inactivated joining chain locus, (Erlandsson, et.al., 20010), this particular study further investigated such findings in detail by determining the exact genetic background of the mice. Thus, this particular study aimed to further validate the authors’ previous findings on early crosses of mice with absent joining chain and its concomitant effect on T-cell dependent immune response. The T- cell dependent B cell responses were analyzed using four experiments, namely: the immune response t o the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl and chicken gamma globulin (NP-CGG); analysis of the ratio between NP-specific ÃŽÅ¡ and ÃŽ » antibodies; analysis of somatic mutations, and carrier priming experiment. It was found that mice with absent joining chain loci are deficient in â€Å"T helper cell activation during T cell –dependent B cell immune responses†, (Kallberg and Leanderson, 2006). This study was aptly technically described and appeals to an audience in the medical field such as immunologists, physicians, laboratory and clinical directors, etc. It consists of the following format: abstract, introduction, results, discussion, materials and methods, acknowledgements and references. Introduction The title appropriately indicates the effect of J-chain deficiency on B memory, which is the focal point of this study. Its well structured abstract completely and vividly presented the major points and the conclusion of the study. The objective, which can be found in the la tter part of the introduction, however, was not clearly identified in the abstract and the text, but needs to be carefully ascertained by the reader. Results The experimental results of the four experiments produced findings that correlate to and support the hypothesis of the study, i.e., J -/- mice have compromised T-cell dependent immune response. The specific findings are as follows: Joining- chain deficient mice have compromised secondary immune response to 4-hydroxy-3nitrophenyl. Although J -/- mice responded in the same way with the control group during the analysis of serum IgG anti-NP at all time points, there was a wide difference observed on after the 14 th day point, which was clearly supported and plotted in the graph (Figure1). After the secondary response to NP-CGG, it was found that the recall response in mice without joining chain loci are lower than the control animals, which was further correlated to a lower number of B memory cells. All raw data of the resu lts pertaining to these findings were well supported by graphs (figures1-3). Mice without joining-chain have inefficient repertoire switch Results showed that only 30% of the NP-binding antibodies in J -/- mice were expressed, while 90% of the antibodies of the control animals were expressed, confirming the negative effect of the joining chain on the efficiency of T-cell immune responses. This was supported by a bar graph of the results and a graphical illustration of the NP expression on splenic B memory cells.

Belief in People and Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Belief in People and Team - Essay Example As a leader, one realizes that one has to focus on that common interest to make sure that the organization functioned effectively. As Dr. Bennis has pointed out in his writings, it is essential that the leader create a sense of mission (ASAE Foundation, 2004). That is exactly what one did to keep the organization to a good start. The group started out by defining the mission and vision statements. One had to make sure that everyone in the organization believed in the objectives that were set. One knew that as the leader of the group, one has to rally them towards the attainment of the goals. The next step was to engage and motivate the members (ASAE Foundation, 2004). The problem that one faced is how to motivate each one of them. One realized that to be able to motivate them it is essential that one gets acquainted with each individual and uncover what drives them into action. One has to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of each member to be able to assign them to jobs which wi ll put their talents and skills to their best use. This is a point which Dr. Bennis emphasized in his book, that is, a leader should determine the highest potential of each member (1994). One did this by letting each member fill out a questionnaire where they were asked their qualifications, interests, talents and hobbies. After going through the form, one got an idea which person may be appointed to do a certain duty. As a leader, one got to know his members better and identified the things that motivate them. Another unforgettable experience that one had about leading the organization was when one had to introduce changes in the previous system established by the past president. The past president required that each member report directly to him about the donations that were gathered for the projects of the group. One believed that the organization would function better if they were divided into groups which were

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 68

Assignment Example The clock was ticking fast on this particular day and at exactly 9 AM. We left our school and headed for the event. The kick off time for the event was expected to be at exactly 10. AM and was targeted to cover three schools in the neighborhood. It was organized by the peer educators’ group from my school and I requested for an opportunity to offer a speech and this was granted to me. The organizers for the event therefore were my school’s peers educators group and the intended audience was the students from the three targeted high schools. I had not figured out that my speech would be a source of motivation to the students. It then started with prayers, then followed speech from two guest speakers and finally my time came. This was the first day in my whole life that I had to address such a big audience. As I walked to the stage, I broke out in a cold sweat and so I had to take a quick breath as my mother had constantly advised. I then felt at ease and was able to star t telling my story. â€Å"We are all unique and so our strengths, weaknesses and abilities,† I said. I gained composure at this moment when everyone turned their attention to listening to me and I started with explaining how I lost my self worth due to the fact that I could not have artistic abilities as my brothers had and how this led me to performing poorly in my academics. I continued telling of how the decline in academic performance led me to receiving negative comments from my high school teachers and friends and how I started believing in this comments. I explained how everyone thought that I was a disappointment to my family, how I stopped believing my parents when they told me that I was unique and that I had a special ability, other than the artistic ability that my brothers possessed. â€Å"I then resulted to isolating myself from my friends who could at that moment perform better than I could and I ended up in a state of self denial†. I explained how my academic performance

John Locke and natural right to property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

John Locke and natural right to property - Essay Example As a means of explicating and elaborating on Locke’s particular view of private property and the means by which it is acquired as well as the rights that it necessarily portends, this brief analysis will review Locke’s arguments and attempt to juxtapose and coalesce them within the framework of how private property within the modern era is understood. Furthermore, the qualifications to what constitutes private property and how it can and should be utilized will also be discussed. Lastly, a level of inference will be drawn based upon the means by which Locke has defined private property and the means by which such a definition is still useful within the current modern context of evolved societies. Firstly and most importantly, it should be stated that according to John Locke’s Second Treatise on Government, he believed private property to be a natural right. This natural right is related to the reader due to the fact that Locke believes that the private ownership of property and the wealth generation that it can bring is one of the only means by which an individual can sustain himself/herself in a relative form of physical comfort. Whereas many people throughout the decades have criticized such an interpretation as going against the natural order of things, the fact of the matter is without private property, the ability of the individual to profit from the otherwise communal land is all but negligible. Locke does place a limit on the so called â€Å"Naturalness† of private property. Ultimately, his qualification of what can be determined as the natural right is contingent upon the lack of greed that private property ownership must exhibit. In other words, for Locke, private property is a natural right and moral good as long as it is not engaged upon with greed. Locke goes on to differentiate what is specifically meant by the somewhat nebulous

The book Marriage Morals by Bertrand Russell Essay

The book Marriage Morals by Bertrand Russell - Essay Example It contests and lobbies against LGBT rights, divorce, abortion, embryonic stem-cell study and pornography. Marriage and Morals is an old book written by philosopher Bertrand Russell, and that questions the Victorian perceptions of morality concerning marriage and sex (Russell 2). Contrast issues The Liberation of Women: chapter seven of the book advocates for women liberty; however, the approaches contrasts the morals the title claim. The chapter claims that the sex education provided by many books is insufficient to curb immorality. The only fixation that will suffice is to eliminate from young women all chances of being by themselves with men: girls must be prohibited to make their living by work outside the residence; they should never be permitted an outing unless in a company of their mother or an aunt; the unfortunate practice of going to boogies without a chaperon ought to be sternly stamped out. The book suggest that to avoid immorality of unmarried women there should be a mo nthly medical checkup carried out by police doctors and these doctors preferably castrated, and non-virgins to be sent to penitentiary(Russell 82). The chapter continue to suggest that the use of contraceptives and talking to unmarried women to be prohibited. The author asserts that if this is carried out for several years then the tide of immorality will be curbed. The concept is comparable with FRC effort to make women free from oppression; however, the approach differs. FRC has processes to encourage women freedom in a more humane manner as contrasted to suggestion that the book provides. It supports a federal ethics clause, permitting medical employees to refuse to give certain treatments to their clients, such as procurement of abortion, blood transfusion or birth control. It also supports for abstinence- and encourages sex education, intelligent design and entreaty in public schools, and the control of pornography and other "obscene, profane, indecent, or program on broadcast and cable television (Stange 510). In both cases, there is advocacy for restriction; however, the approaches differ. The book suggestions are not liberty related they are a different form of oppression of women in pretext of curbing immorality. The book gives a presumption that immorality can be controlled through restriction of women activities. Sex Morality: Chapter 8 of the book discuses the taboo on sex knowledge, it claims that frank pornography would do less damage if it were open and unashamed than it does when it is rendered interesting by secrecy and stealth(Russell 89). This is contrary to FRC stand on pornography since it is against it and advocates for the control of pornography and other indecent, obscene, profane, or program on broadcast and cable television. The book argues that the taboo against nudity is an obstruction to a decent approach on the topic of sex. It proposes that it is in order for children to observe each other and their parents nude when it so happen s naturally. There will be a short time, most likely at about three years of age, when the youngster is fascinated in the dissimilarity between the mother and the father, and compares them with the variances between themselves and other siblings, but this stage is soon ended, and subsequent to this they take no more interest in nakedness than in clothes. This is a contrasting fact with FRC stands that condemns any form of obscenity (Stange 510). The book considered homosexuality to be immoral when it

Leadership traits behaviors and styles Assignment

Leadership traits behaviors and styles - Assignment Example However, of significance to the study is Marchionne’s tenure as CEO of Chrysler, an automobile company based in the United States. Marchionne took over as CEO in 2009 replacing Robert Nardelli, at a time when Chrysler faced huge financial constraints. The fact that he had turned Fiat, an Italian based automobile company into a profitable organization, made him the ideal candidate for the job. Marchionne managed to repay Chrysler’s loans to the government six years in advance and re-built Chrysler as a profitable automobile empire within a very short time (Wernle, 2010). Explored in this essay includes Marchionne’s leadership and personality traits, behavior orientation, and leadership style. The Five Factor Model (FFM) outlines five personality dimensions, which include Neurotism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Extraversion and Openness (OCEAN). Within each dimension are primary factors, which describe in detail individual qualities. Personality psychologists such as Eynseck infer that an individual’s personality encompasses a combination of both dispositional and situational factors. Dispositional factors account for internal factors such as temperance and cognitive and genetic predispositions among others. Conversely, situational factors account for external factors predisposed by the environment such as media, family and peers among others. The analysis of personality dimensions proposed by the FFM enables one to analyze an individual in a holistic manner without the overlapping of qualities, which are specific to each dimension. As such, a person either falls on one end of the high-low continuum of each dimension. Sergio Marchionne is high in conscientiousness, low in neuroticism, high in openness to experience, moderate in extraversion, and low in agreeableness. Conscientiousness encompasses an individual’s inclination towards being involved and dependable. As a CEO,

An exploration into the perspectives of working mothers on their young Dissertation

An exploration into the perspectives of working mothers on their young children's social life - Dissertation Example Working mothers face the dual challenging of providing economic support and taking care of the needs of their children. Due to this challenging situation, many working mothers tend to adopt various perspectives depending on their individual situation and priorities. One category that often gets neglected among necessities such as food and education is the influence of social life in the social development of young children. This study tries to explore and find out the various perspectives that working mothers have with regard to the social life of their young children. The study is based on qualitative interviews conducted for different individuals such as working mothers, non-working mothers, children and fathers. It was found that these different categories adopted different perspectives when it came to social life. Purpose and Aims The goal of this study is to understand the way in which being employed changes the perspective of working mother’s towards the social life and social development of their children. The aim is to focus on mothers with young children to explore if there are differences in perspectives between working and non-working mothers. Most researchers who have explored the topic of employed women and effects on children have focussed mostly on the challenges and work life balance. In addition, the research had focus on overall development, but not on social development exclusively. The impact of social development because of the mothers being employed is a topic that has not been explored fully. This research aims to fill up the gap to provide more insights and understanding of the subject. Social life among young children often takes a backseat because a huge amount of the working mother’s time is taken away in catering to the basic necessities such as good food, high quality education and co-curricular activities. As social development is essential in young children, it is important to understand if the involvement of the mot her in social activities proves to be an influence in the way their social life shapes up. In the modern day society, the social development of an individual is as important as any other aspects of development. The way in which any human being behaves in a social set up gets majorly influenced by the social life they encounter during the period when they were young. In such a situation, the perspectives that the mothers have regarding the social life of their young children become important. The concepts of social developed and the influence of mother in this developmental aspect is looked at in a detailed manner in this research. In this research, the category of working mothers refers to mothers who are working full time in an organization and hence, who spend the major part of the day outside the house and away from the children. The category of young children is narrowed down to children who are between the ages of 7 – 14. The research aims to identify the different persp ectives as well as the reasons as to which the working mothers have adopted various perspectives. New mothers who are concerned about the social development of their children can benefit from this research. In addition, child psychologists and counsellors also can understand the various perspectives and the influence that each of these perspectives have on the social life of the children. The specific research questions are to find out the

On-Site Executive MBA Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On-Site Executive MBA Program - Assignment Example On-Site Executive MBA Program A growing number of business proficient’s prefer to get their MBAs over the internet. Getting an MBA degree is a big achievement for many students. Countless undergraduates after graduating progress to get their Masters Degree in their most wanted field. This marketing plan points up the market fragments and the line of attack of employing to get consumers and generate a compact income stream. Our exclusive emphasis is giving out chances for the round-the-clock working undergraduate that is unable to go to a university grounds for courses. A twist that gives us a benefit over our opponents is of giving pupils more preferences of what is accessible in selection from a more range of majors. From experience, many virtual universities have a very rudimentary collection of MBA degree majors. In the present day business biosphere, the importance and standing of clienteles is not something that would be put to one side by businesses. In defining a target market you need to decide if your item for consumption is worldwide or countrywide in choice? Or is it more prospective that you will vend it principally in your own district or public? In the circumstance of an online MBA Program, the key market is essentially nationwide and worldwide. Pupils want to go to the United States from all around the world to go to a USA school. In addition, there is a marketplace for students in the States that wish to go to school overseas. The secondary market is native people who have kinfolks and are too busy to join a campus and go to lecture.(Advantage and Disadvantage of Distance Learning, 2011) Likewise, we would be targeting the middle class i.e. students who cannot afford to pay huge amounts of fees to get a degree. An online Program

Responsibilities and Relationships in Education and Training Essay Example for Free

Responsibilities and Relationships in Education and Training Essay The Teaching Role and Responsibilities In Education And Training The role of ‘teacher’ is an infinitely varied one, but there certain principles which underpin all aspects of the teaching role. Whether we are attempting to teach from personally acquired experience or knowledge, or from third party information, the process of teaching can be formalized into a structured process with the aim of maximizing the potential for learning. Numerous models exist with the aim of outlining the key stages of this process. For example, Gravells (2010) identifies them as such: Identification of Need →Planning and Design→Delivery/Facilitation→Assessment→Evaluation In order to undertake each of these stages successfully, the role of the teacher becomes multi-faceted. For example, conducting initial interviews with students helps to establish individual aims and identify particular learning styles such as those recognised by Honey Mumford (1992). This should enable to the teacher to tailor their teaching style and utilize a variety of methods, while also providing an opportunity to set clear goals which can be used as a benchmark when reviewing students’ progress. Accurate documentation of this is essential and forms part of the teachers’ responsibility. Furthermore, whilst undertaking these roles as a teacher, it is vitally important to consider the parameters in which we must operate. These are most likely to be defined by legal requirement – for example the Equality Act (2010) or the policies or the organization for which we may be working. Ultimately, it is down to the individual teacher to ensure their own professional conduct at all times. References: Equality Act (2010). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents Accessed 25/11/2014. Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Honey P., Mumford A. (1992) ‘The Manual of Learning Styles’ 3rd Ed. Maidenhead, Peter Honey. Summarise Key Aspects Of Legislation, Regulatory Requirements And Codes Of Practice Relating To Own Role And Responsibilities There are many aspects to consider when discussing the conduct of a teacher and the requirements therein. Some of these are legal frameworks, others are more informal but equally important in terms of setting out guidelines for good practice. All of these requirements, when adhered to, help to ensure that as teachers, we are providing a safe, secure and successful learning environment. As students, they provide reassurance that care will be taken to promote inclusivity, maintain trust and ensure wellbeing. Some Codes of Practice will be designed to suit individual environments and will vary accordingly. Therefore care should be taken to ensure we are familiar with the particular requirements of the company or institution in which we are operating. Other codes are overarching and apply in all circumstances. One of the more recent of these is the ‘Statutory Special Educational Needs and Disability System for Children And Young People’ (SEND) which came into force on 1 September 2014 and explains the duties of schools and colleges to provide adjustments and aids for disabled children and young people up to 25. Legal acts which are underpinned by law are further reaching but equally apply. These include things such as the long standing 1974 Health and Safety  and Work Act, which ensures the â€Å"health, safety and welfare of persons at work† as well as â€Å"protecting others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of persons at work†. However, in the constantly shifting legal landscape, we should be mindful of new legislation coming into force. Finally, there are, of course, directives issued by professional bodies such the Institute for Learning which has a Code of Professional Practice (2008) covering 7 key areas: Integrity Respect Care Practice Disclosure Responsibility References: Department for Education (2014). ‘SEND code of practice: 0 to 25 years’. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/send-code-of-practice-0-to-25 Accessed 29/11/2014 Institute for Learning (2008). ‘Code of Practice’ Available at: https://www.ifl.ac.uk/membership/ifl-code-of-professional-practice/view-the-code-of-professional-practice/ Accessed 1/12/2014 Explain Why It Is Important To Identify And Meet Individual Learner Needs As we have established previously, the first step in the (Gravells, 2010). Teaching and Learning Cycle is ‘Identifying need’. Without properly ascertaining this, the further steps in the cycle become more difficult to achieve and the chance for success is significantly diminished. Furthermore, informing learners of objectives creates a level of expectation for learning (Gagne, 1965). In order to avoid this outcome and the negative implications of failing to succeed, we must have a clear approach. Prior to the start of any learning activity, there will, by necessity be a  process which ostensibly is an administrative exercise. However, these interactions provide an excellent opportunity to engage with students in a way which could provide useful information. For example, noting that a student may have difficulty with grammar or spelling when completing a written questionnaire may indicate a greater need for support with literacy. Or, a student struggling to get to grips with viewing digital information such as a Powerpoint or PDF file could highlight a lack of I.T skill. It is important that we use all of these tools at our disposal, as acknowledging a perceived ‘flaw’ in ourselves is not always an easy thing to do. Students may be unwilling because of stigma or embarrassment or simply through an inability to recognize that a problem exists, which is an issue in roughly 30% of adults (Skills for Life Survey, 2011). However, individual needs may not be only be based on academic ability or skillset, there are a multitude of different needs which may exist and it is important to consider a holistic approach. Some students may have no difficulty with course content but may be distracted by other personal problems which affect their ability to learn. These could include financial difficulty, bereavement or an underlying health issue. Ultimately, the importance of identifying and meeting learners’ needs is about providing the best possibility for successful learning through providing support where it is most needed. References: Gagnà ©, R. M. (1965). ‘The conditions of learning and theory of instruction’ (1st ed.) Holt, Rinehart Winston: New York. Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Skills for Life Survey (2011). Department for Business, Innovation Skills. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2011-skills-for-life-survey Accessed 1/12/14. Explain Ways To Maintain a Safe And Supportive Learning Environment As part of providing students with the best opportunity for success, it is crucial that the learning environment is both safe and supportive. These aspects are intertwined in that their aim is to create an environment where consideration for all matters other than the subject itself can be put aside to concentrate on learning. When operating in any environment, safety is the first issue. A risk assessment should be carried out prior to beginning any teaching session to establish whether hazards exist, and if so what extent they pose a risk (Trades Union Congress, 2008). These factors should also be assessed dynamically and any new or developing threat should be treated as a priority. When working in an environment such as a client office or business premises, safety considerations should include awareness of the existing plan of evacuation in case of fire. Any issues which are identified (such as blocked exits etc) should be bought up with the client in a professional manner. Support for learners may be provided in several ways. On a personal level, it is ensuring inclusivity for all students, treating each individual with respect and tolerance, as well as providing individually tailored help to match the needs identified in the first stage of the Teaching and Learning Cycle (Gravells, 2008). However, support is also provided through recognizing the need to give adequate breaks and availability of resources required to undertake the learning process properly. It is vital that consideration is given to these factors in the planning stage so that support may be implemented pro-actively rather than reactively. References: Trades Union Congress (2008) ‘Risk Assessment’. Precision Printing: London. Available online at: http://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/extras/riskassessment.pdf Accessed 1/12/14 Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Explain Why It Is Important To Promote Appropriate Behaviour and Respect For Others The importance of appropriate behavior is paramount as it will set the correct tone for a learning environment. Fundamentally, it is about the rights of learners to have access to, attend, and participate in their chosen learning experience regardless of their circumstances. (Equality Act, 2010) The best way to promote this is to set the example as the teacher (School of Educators, 2011). This can be achieved in a variety of ways. Ensuring that the planning of any session has been properly executed will help to demonstrate basic values such as organization, efficiency and punctuality and when delivering a session, using appropriate tone and language will exhibit the kinds of behaviour which we want to see reflected in students. It is also important that we are focused on the task at hand and are not distracted by outside influences. Something as simple as switching off a mobile phone could make all the difference. In that regard, requesting students to put their phones into ‘silent’ mode is something which could help to avoid them becoming distracted but also establishes a basic ground rule while not necessarily conveying the same message as ‘please all turn your phones off’. Where undesirable behaviour occurs, it is important to consider whether addressing it may in fact be more of a disruption than the behaviour itself, however, where it needs to be addressed, this should be done so quickly and professionally. However, it is important to note that students, like teachers should incorporate humour into learning. Using humour in the classroom shows that you are human and consequently encourages students to like and respect you. Being able to laugh at yourself when you make a mistake offers a good counterbalance to the moment when you must be strict and so helps lighten the classroom atmosphere (Cowley, 2007) Treating students as individuals but with equal respect will help to promote the same response from them. Therefore, care should be taken to listen to, appreciate and encourage individual contributions, this is especially true in the case of adult learners who bring their own experiences to the learning setting. References: Cowley, S. (2007) ‘Guerilla Guide to Teaching: The Definitive Resource for New Teachers’ (2nd Ed.) Continuum: London. Equality Act (2010). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents Accessed 04/12/2014. School of Educators (2011). ‘The Characteristics of a Good Teacher’. Available online at: http://schoolofeducators.com/2011/05/the-characteristics-of-a-good-teacher/ Accessed 4/12/14. Explain How the Teaching Role Involves Working with Other Professionals As a teacher, there will always be a requirement to liaise and work with other professionals, and this is likely to occur in a number of ways. When employed in a teaching role, we act as a representative of the organization which employs us, and we have a responsibility to represent that organization in a professional manner. Equally, when dealing with internal colleagues, whether a manager or a colleague at the same level of seniority, we are dutybound to treat others with respect, politeness and courtesy. Values which all form part of the Institute for Learning ‘Code of Practice’ (2008). Remembering that we have a responsibility to act according to these guidelines can be especially important when faced with other professionals who may be challenging or difficult in their approach. For example, in a  client situation, a Manager who is under pressure is annoyed because some of his staff are being abstracted from their usual duties to undertake training. In this situation, it is feasible that a degree of hostility may be directed toward the trainer. In acknowledging the managers concerns and highlighting the benefit of the training both to the staff and the manager, we may be able to defuse the situation rather than escalate it. Of course, students themselves can be professionals and care must be taken to acknowledge the professional standing of adult learners so that we do not condescend or patronize. However, we also have a responsibility to care for our students and where it is highlighted that a student may have a need or issue which requires third party support, we may need to act as an advocate or intervene to flag potential issues. Legislation such as The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) make it potentially necessary to liaise with other professional agencies and, depending on the nature of the matter, it may be appropriate to use care or discretion. In all cases, it is appropriate that we remain professional and impartial. References: Institute for Learning (2008). ‘Code of Practice’ Available at: https://www.ifl.ac.uk/membership/ifl-code-of-professional-practice/view-the-code-of-professional-practice/ Accessed 1/12/2014 Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/47/section/6 Accessed 4/12/14 Explain the Boundaries Between the Teaching Role and Other Professional Roles In dealing with other professional roles, there must come a point at which the boundaries of our own role are recognized to avoid us ‘overstepping the line’. This can apply on either a professional or personal level and works in two ways: our behaviour toward others and their behaviour towards us. The key basis upon which these boundaries must be drawn are ethics. Ethics can be described as ‘The codes of conduct or moral principles recognized in a particular profession, sphere of activity, relationship, or other context or aspect of human life’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 2014) In particular, the teaching profession is deeply implicated in ethical concerns and considerations. (Carr, D. 2000.) Therefore, it is an issue which should be constantly at the forefront of our thinking as teachers and an awareness of ethics helps to define the boundaries between us and other professional roles. Some boundaries are not so much an issue of ethics, however, but more of practicality and there must be limits placed on what we can reasonably be expected to achieve. This could, for example, include something such as a client wishing us to condense a lesson into a shorter time to reduce the impact on their business. Whilst the motivation for this may be understandable, it could also be perceived to undermine the value of the lesson itself, or at the very least will have an effect on the quality of the teaching. Recognising this kind of boundary enables us to ensure the integrity of our aims as teachers. Oxford English Dictionary (2014) Available online at: http://www.oed.com/ Accessed 4/12/14. Carr, D. (2000). ‘Professionalism and ethics in teaching’.London: Routledge Describe Points of Referral To Meet The Individual Needs Of Learners The teacher/student relationship is a unique one and often provides opportunities to unearth or identify needs which have previously been unnoticed. These needs may be specific to helping someone become a more effective learner, (such as possible dyslexia) or could be a wider issue in terms of being affecting the individual students’ life beyond the classroom. These wider-reaching needs could be in any area of a persons’ life and broadly speaking, fall into one of 5 categories as identified by Maslow (1943): Our role in providing support to help a student meet the identified need will depend on the particular need itself. For example, a student who is  apparently lacking in one of the ‘upper needs’ such as self-esteem may benefit from more support, praise and encouragement. Some needs, however, will require external or third party input and this is where we may seek to access a point of referral. It may become clear to us in the process of teaching that a student is suffering a crisis affecting their overall wellbeing: Domestic abuse, homelessness, drug or alcohol misuse etc. In this instance, we can play an important role in referring someone to a service or organization who can provide assistance. So as to be sure that we are not misguided, the student themselves should be engaged initially and when help is offered, it can be simply through providing information, or if consent is given, we may choose to act as an advocate. Maslow, A.H (1943). ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’. Psychological Review (50)p.370-396.

Implement Change Management Processes Essay Example for Free

Implement Change Management Processes Essay During the demonstration of skills did the student: (Tick if completed) ⠝‘ Plan IT system changes ⠝‘ Current system evaluation ⠝‘ Organisation needs vs benchmark ⠝‘ Identify technology system change needs ⠝‘ Access changes ⠝‘ Prioritise changes ⠝‘ Implement change ⠝‘ Monitor and review implementation Trainer’s Name:Date: / / Trainer’s Signature: Reviewed Auditor’s name:Date: / / Auditor’s Signature: Instructions for assessor(s) Ensure that all activities are completed. Ensure the completeness of this form before handling to the training manager. Provide a copy of this document to the student. Results of this assessment are to be recorded in to the SAFHIN system. Person responsible for recording to SAFHIN: SAFHIN Code: Instructions for students This unit will be assessed in simulated environment. The task should be completed in reasonable timeframe which will be determined by assessor and depends on circumstances of particular task. After completion of the each project you have to complete the documentation and handle it to your trainer/assessor. OHS and safety rules must be observed. The assessment will be stopped immediately if the work practices are unsafe. Scenario A local graphic studio is based on the Apple platform. The new management is considering the change of the platform for Windows 7. The cost of maintenance, application and hardware support is indicating that the new platform could be more viable than the Apple. Your tasks are: Based on the organisational requirements, business strategy and project requirements develop an IT change management plan document. †¢ Research and develop change procedures and conventions. †¢ Identify key personnel responsible for change management policies and procedures for the company, and those responsible for authorizing and implementing the change management plan. †¢ Identify training needs of staff and management in relation to the changes that will take place. †¢ Evaluate current IT system and determine changing user or business patterns. †¢ Determine current benchmarks. †¢ Compare the organisational needs against performance benchmarks to identify possible changes in the organisation. †¢ Assess proposed changes to determine impact to the organisation. Plan a schedule for the changes that will take place and include the schedule in the change management plan being documented. †¢ Prioritise the changes according to needs. †¢ Allocate resources across the changes that will happen. Implement the plan and obtain new performance benchmarks. Record data from the new performance benchmarks and compare against previous performance data to measure change performance. Update the training requirements of the staff as necessary in accordance with the new performance benchmarks. Record, document and submit the results to appropriate person. Produce required documentation. Attach zipped files produced as part of this project. Document the file structure and each file in individual document. Instructions for trainer You will be required to participate with student on behalf of client. Provide student with your â€Å"client† e-mail for this scenario ([emailprotected]). Interview Record Sheet |Unit(s) of Competency |ICASAS601A Implement change-management processes | |Student’s Name | | During the demonstration of skills did the student: (Tick if completed) ⠝‘ All sections of the practical assessment task are completed according the requirements and instructions. ⠝‘ OHS policies and procedures were followed during the work. ⠝‘ Student has demonstrated communication skills on the appropriate level Trainer’s Name:Date: / / Trainer’s Signature:Student’s Signature: Reviewed Auditor’s name:Date: / / Auditor’s Signature: Instructions for assessor(s) Ensure that all activities are completed. Ensure the completeness of this form before handling to the training manager. Provide a copy of this document to the student. Results of this assessment are to be recorded in to the SAFHIN system. Person responsible for recording to SAFHIN: SAFHIN Code: Interview/Discussion Trainer will conduct the interview with the student after the completion of the project. Student will be asked to present their work. Trainer will ask questions related directly to the project or scenario, trying to establish enough evidence for each element of competency, where required. Student will have the opportunity to explain the approaches and methods used in this project. Student should provide trainer with enough evidence of his competence against each criteria. Trainer must ensure that the student fully understands the area, and is competent in each element of this competency. Trainer has to also ensure that the underpinning knowledge for each unit of competency is verified. Where applicable the practical demonstration of the knowledge can be demonstrated. The duration of the interview will be up to 2 hours. The interview/discussion will be documented in stand-alone document. The references to the performance criteria are to be noted as well. Suggested questions for the interview Discuss the process of planning IT system changes Discuss the process of identifying technology system change needs Discuss any difficulties that you have experienced during the process Assessor’s comments Assessor’s comments

Chemical Engineering Innovation in Food Production

Chemical Engineering Innovation in Food Production The inherent safety, convenience, availability, nutritional content, aesthetic appeal, and variety that characterize food supplies are a hallmark of modern life. Chemical engineering knowledge can be accredited with improving the conversion of raw foodstuffs into safe consumer products of the highest possible quality. Among those, membrane-based separation and other filtration techniques are most common. Chemical engineers have applied their expertise to chemically synthesize fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides that promote crop growth and protect crops from weeds, insects, and other pests (AlChe, 2009). Its so easy to feel the contribution of chemical engineering in food sector if we observe the morning tea to late night beverage. All processed food stuffs around us is more or less subject to different types of filtration. One of the fastest growing parts of the whole sector is the mineral water and soft drinks sector, which has a sizeable requirement for fine filtration (Suther land, 2010). Modern techniques are used to improve the flavour, texture, nutritional value, safety, appearance and overall aesthetic appeal of various foods. Modern food processing can also improve the quality of life for people with food allergies and for diabetics. Foods processed using aseptic packaging retains their vitamins, minerals, and desired textures, colours, and flavours more effectively than those processed with traditional canning. Nestlà ©, Wal-Mart, Unilever, PepsiCo etc. are some world famous food companies without whom modern life cannot be imagined. Filtration in food processing Filtration is a process where solid particles present in a suspension are separated from liquid or gas employing a porous medium (Srikanth, 2012). Surface, depth and cake filtration are different types based on filtration mechanism. Two types of filtration theory are widely known which are gas filtration theory and liquid filtration theory. These theories have also some limitations. There are some criteria for choice of filter medium such as particle size that has to removed, permeability of clean medium, solid holding capacity of the medium, flow resistance of medium etc. Filter aid is a very important factor which forms a surface deposit to screen out the solids and it also prevents the plugging of the supporting filter medium (Srikanth, 2012). Chemical engineers have invented a variety of engineered processes that allow food processors to remove impure substances to improve food quality, safety, and aesthetics. Todays membrane-based separation is used widely to remove impurities during food processing by pressure to force unwanted substances in food ingredients to pass through a semi permeable membrane and it is also applied majorly in the dairy industry, mainly as a processing phase in production soft cheeses. Chemical engineers strive to maximize the available surface area in filter, reduce membrane pore size, minimize the pressure drop the fluid will experience when flowing through the unit and maximize cost-effectiveness (AIChe, 2009). For food industries, there are some specific requirements to choose filter media such as dissipation of electrostatic charges, high abrasion resistance, available clean-in-place system etc. In this dissertation, some food processing industries have been presented where different types of filtration are the key factor. Among those cane and beet sugar industry, starch and sugar industry, beverage industries like wine, beer etc. are notable. Filtration should be the most prior subject to enhance food safety management of an industry. It can help to remove physical, chemical and other microbiological contaminants with great efficiency. This also focuses on advantages of self-cleaning filters over manual and mechanical cleaning. Advances in filtration technology include the development of continuous processes to replace old batch process technology (Patel R. et al, 2010). FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES Chemical engineering innovation in food production If the grass on the other side of the fence appears greener . . . it must be all the fertilizer they are using. Kevin Rodowicz. The food industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supply much of the food energy consumed by the world population. Before modern engineering advances were widely adopted by the food industry, the variety of foods available at stores were determined by what was produced locally, since transportation limitations predicted the distance that perishable foods could travel (AIChe, 2009). Chemical engineers routinely develop advanced materials and techniques used for, among other things, chemical and heat sterilization, advanced packaging, and monitoring and control, which are essential to the highly automated facilities for the high-throughput production of safe food products (AIChe, 2009). Chemical engineering unit operations and procedures, established for other industrialized reasons, are used by the food industry like drying, milling, extrusion, refrigeration, heat and mass transfer, membrane-based separation, concentration, centrifugation, fluid flow and blending, powder and bulk -solids mixing, pneumatic conveying, and process mode ling, monitoring, and control. Among these, membrane-based separation and other filtration techniques are mostly common (AIChe, 2009). Technological milestones: Over the years, engineered solutions have increased the production of processed fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat and poultry, and seafood products, and have allowed more widespread distribution of such foods. The following are some of the most revolutionary improvements in food processing noted in the Milestones of the Twentieth Century by the Institute of Food Technologists (AIChe, 2009). 1900s: Vacuum packaging, which removes the oxygen from inside the food package, was invented to prolong the shelf life of foods, and the widespread practice of freezing foods began with fruit and fish. The first ready-to -eat cereals using many chemical engineering unit operations appeared as well (AIChe, 2009). 1920s: Fast-freezing practices for foods were first commercialized by Clarence Birdseye, whose name has become practically known with frozen foods. Birdseye found that by blanching vegetables (cooking them for a short time in boiling water) just before freezing, the process could deactivate certain enzymes that cause off-colours and off-flavours, thereby enhancing the quality of the thawed vegetables. The first commercial use of puffing to produce such cereals as Cheerios and puffed rice also began (AIChe, 2009). 1930s: Freeze-drying processes were pioneered in this decade, and frozen foods are dried after deep freezing, in which the entrained water is removed by a process known as sublimation by heating the frozen product in a vacuum chamber. Freeze-dried foods in turn become shelf-stored foods that quickly regain their original flavour, aroma, size, shape, and texture after rehydration. The removal of water slows spoilage, thus providing longer shelf life, and reducing the weight of the food, which makes it cheaper and easier to transport (AIChe, 2009). 1940s: The advent of automated processes to concentrate, freeze, and dehydrate foods enabled a greater variety of foods to be mass-produced and packaged for shipment overseas to military personnel during World War II. Disease-free packaging extremely improved food quality, safety, and nutrient retention (AIChe, 2009). 1950s: During this era, monitored-atmosphere packaging using plastic increased the shelf life of fresh foods. The process controls oxygen and carbon dioxide levels inside the packaging environment to reduce respiration by fruits and vegetables (similar to human breathing) and reduces the amount of off-gas ethylene produced, which delays maturing and damage (AIChe, 2009). 1960s: The first commercial-scale producing machine began producing cold-dried foods and coffee. Advances in aseptic processing allowed shorter heating times for sealed food containers (AIChe, 2009). 1970s: The period of the 1970s saw growing usage in the chemical process industries (paint, textile, oil recovery, pulp and paper). In this decade, the major effects of this technology is in the food and biotechnology processing industries, where ultrafiltration and cross-flow microfiltration are finding increasing uses as a gentle and efficient way of fractionating, concentrating and clarifying a variety of food from milk products, fruit juices and alcoholic beverages to fermentation broths, protein fractions and wastewaters (Cheryan M, 1986). 1980s: Advanced-atmosphere packaging began to be used widely during this era and It is a more progressive difference of controlled-atmosphere packing, in which the head space atmosphere within a food package or the transportation/ storage vessel is modified by flushing it with a blend of inert (nonreactive) gases (AIChe, 2009). 1990s: High-pressure processing was commercially applied first to fresh packaged foods to kill microorganisms that cause spoilage without altering flavours, texture, or appearance (AIChe, 2009). After 2000: Recent food trends are actually based on fat calculation but tasty, healthy and doctor-designed. Different types of cupcakes, cheese, pizza, fast foods etc. are peoples first choice. Also various types of grain made foods are getting popularity day by day (AIChe, 2009). Advances in chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides Early mankind experimented with human and animal wastes, seaweed, ashes and other substances to fertilize crops and increase productivity. Chemical engineers have applied their expertise to chemically synthesize fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides that promote crop growth and protect crops from weeds, insects, and other pests. Today, the use of these products is more important than ever to meet the needs of an ever-expanding population (AIChe, 2009). Fertilizers Nitrogen is the most plentiful part of the air we breathe, present at 79% by volume and a prime nutrient (most often in the form of ammonia). Modern fertilizers stem from a chemical engineering breakthrough pioneered by Fritz Haber in 1908 that developed a process to synthesize ammonia by reacting hydrogen with nitrogen and in 1918, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery (AIChe, 2009). Working with industrialist Carl Bosch, Haber scaled up the successful Haber-Bosch process that allows ammonia to be produced cost-effectively in commercial quantities for use in nitrogen fertilizers. Habers original reaction was carried out under high pressures. The improved ammonia synthesis process carries out the reaction at lower pressures and temperatures, which helps save money by reducing the amount of energy required by the process (AIChe, 2009). Pesticides and herbicides Chemists and chemical engineers have also been helpful in the discovery, synthesis and commercial-scale manufacture of various chemical compounds that are used as pesticides (to kill insects) and herbicides (to kill weeds). For example, chemical engineers discovered that when glyphosate (the primary ingredient in Monsantos widely used herbicide Roundup) is applied to a crop, it inhibits a specific growth enzyme called the EPSP synthase. Glyphosate is rapidly metabolized by weeds, and unlike many other earlier herbicides, it binds tightly to soil so that it does not accumulate in runoff to contaminate surface waters or underground aquifers. According to its manufacturer, it eliminates more than 125 kinds of weeds, but does not affect mammals, birds, fish, or insects (AIChe, 2009). Advanced food processing techniques Today, imaginative and effective engineered approaches many drawn directly from the chemical engineers toolbox routinely add nutrients, improve aesthetic appeal (in terms of a foods flavours, texture, and appearance), enable longer distance transport (leading to multi-seasonal availability), extend shelf life, and remove microorganisms that contribute to spoilage and are responsible for food-borne illnesses. Modern food processing can also improve the quality of life for people with food allergies (by removing or neutralizing the proteins and other substances that create allergic reactions in certain people) and for diabetics (by reducing sugar content and providing sugar-free alternatives). The roasting of coffee beans requires exceptionally precise control of the chemical and physical reactions over time. Depending on the progressive bean temperature experienced during roasting, final flavours characteristics can vary widely. Chemical engineers have devised ways to make timely adjustments to the roaster to moderate airflow rates and manipulate bean temperatures without changing the flavours (AIChe, 2009). Sterilizing and packaging perishable foods Sterilization is a key aspect of any food -packaging operation. The ability to sterilize foods to protect them against spoilage by oxidation, bacteria, and moulds has always presented an important engineering challenge. Throughout history, people have experimented with the use of dehydration, smoking, salting, pickling, candying and the use of certain spices. They include high-temperature pasteurization and canning, refrigeration and freezing, chemical preservatives (using such compounds as sulphite, sodium nitrite, ethyl formate, propionic acid, sorbic acid, and benzoic acid), and irradiation (AIChe, 2009). Pasteurization In the early years, no one knew how Nicolas Apperts process preserved foods successfully, but the ability to can foods meant that Napoleons army fighting a long way from home could be fed properly and safely and that British sailors could maintain a healthier diet by feasting on fruits, vegetables, and meats while on long voyages overseas. More than 50 years later, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) explained the mystery by proving that the growth of microorganisms is the primary cause of food spoilage and food -borne illnesses and that a high percentage of them could be killed by heating liquids to about 130 °F (55 °C) or higher, for relatively short periods, without altering the chemical makeup of the food. This simple process became known as pasteurization and was quickly and widely adopted (AIChe, 2009). Aseptic packaging First introduced in the U.S. in the early 1960s, it provides major advantages over traditional canning. It allows many products once considered perishables such as milk and juice to be packaged, distributed, and stored for months or longer without the need for refrigeration, irradiation, or chemical preservatives. In general, during aseptic packaging, both the food and packaging are sterilized at high temperatures for very short periods (AIChe, 2009). The original technology superheated steam to sterilize cans. Pressurized heat exchangers and holding tubes allows the foods and beverages to be sterilized at around 300 °F. Foods processed using aseptic packaging retains their vitamins, minerals, and desired textures, colours, and flavours more effectively than those processed with traditional canning. In 1989, aseptic-packaging technology was voted the food industrys top innovation of the last 50 years by the Institute of Food Technologists (AIChe, 2009). Some world famous food companies In terms of corporate size, food manufacture has no companies to match the giants of other sectors (Sutherland, 2010). Although still by far the largest of the food producers, Nestlà ©, with annual sales in 2009 of about $95 billion (well down on 2008), is only a quarter of the size of the largest petroleum companies such as Exxon or Shell (Sutherland, 2010). (There are, of course, food retailers much larger than Nestlà ©, especially Wal-Mart whose 2009 sales of $400 billion made it the third largest company in the world in terms of turnover, with Carrefour a long way behind at second in the list of retailers, at $130 billion (Sutherland, 2010). The next largest company classified as a food producer is Unilever, with total 2009 sales of $53 billion (although the Unilever picture is complicated by its extensive range of non-food household goods businesses) (Sutherland, 2010). Unilever is closely followed by Cargill, the largest private company in the USA, and by Archer-Daniels-Midland, although both of these are large natural product commodity dealers as well. Then come ConAgra, Kraft Foods, Danone, Kellogg, General Mills, and H J Heinz (Sutherland, 2010). For some time, the leading beverage companies have been the soft drink makers Pepsico (2009 sales of $43 billion) and Coca Cola ($32 billion), some distance ahead of the brewers (Sutherland, 2010). This picture changed in 2008 with the purchase of Anheuser-Busch by InBev (itself the fairly recent merger of Interbrew and AmBev) to create a company larger than Coca Cola (although still behind Pepsi) and second in size of the brewers is now SABMiller (a 2002 creation), followed by Heineken and then Carlsberg (Sutherland, 2010). Further consolidation in the beverage sector is being driven by a search for markets, because beer drinking can be very regional. Thus, Heineken has acquired the beer business of Femsa in Mexico which holds 40% of its domestic market and nearly 10% of that in Brazil and one of the fastest growing parts of the whole sector is the mineral water and soft drinks sector, which has a sizeable requirement for fine filtration (Sutherland, 2010). FILTRATION Definition Filtration is a process whereby solid particles present in a suspension are separated from the liquid or gas using a porous medium, which retains the solid but, allows the fluid to pass through. It is a common operation used widely in sterile products, bulk drugs and in liquid oral formulation. The suspension to be filtered is called slurry. The porous medium used to retain the solids is known as filter medium and the accumulated solids on the filter are referred as filter cake and the clear liquid passing through the filter is filtrate (Srikanth, 2012). The pores of the filter medium are smaller than the size of particles to be separated. When feed is passed over the filter medium, the fluid flows through it by virtue of a pressure differential across the filter. Gravity is acting on the liquid column; the solids are trapped on the surface of the filter medium. After a particular point of time, the resistance offered by the filter cake is high that stops the filtration (Sambhamurthy , 2005). Types of filtration Based on the mechanism, there are 3 types of filtration which are surface filtration, depth filtration and cake filtration. Surface filtration It is a screening action by which pores or holes of the medium prevent the passage of solids. For this purpose, plates with holes or woven sieves are used (Matteson, 1987). An example is a cellulose membrane filter. Depth filtration This filtration mechanism retains particulate matter not only on the surface but also at the inside of the filter. It is extensively used for clarification. Ceramic filters and sintered filters are examples of depth filtration (Stephan, 2003). Case study of depth filtration (Carey, 2008): Several forces have driven changes in filtration technology during the last few decades, including environmental concerns, the health and safety of winery employees and wine quality. The major active component in traditional depth filtration is diatomaceous earth, which has several major problems. First, it is difficult to dispose because it does not decompose. Second, it can cause symptoms similar to coalminers black lung disease when inhaled over long periods of time. To overcome these drawbacks, cross flow filtration and ultra-filtration are being practiced in recent years. Cross flow filtration: It ranges between ultra-filtration and reverse osmosis and the nominal pore size of the membrane is typically below 1 nanometer (Wikipedia, 2012). Nano filtration membranes are still subject to scaling and fouling and often modifiers such as anti-scalants are required for use (Hillie, 2007). Ultra filtration: It is a pressure driven membrane transport process that has been applied on both the laboratory and industrial scale. It is becoming a powerful separation tool for the rapidly growing biotechnology industry (Goldsmith et al., 1974). Cake filtration By this mechanism, the cake accumulated on the surface of the filter is itself used as a filter. A filter consists of a coarse woven cloth through which a concentrated suspension of rigid particles is passed so that they bridge the holes and forma bed. Theory of filtration Depending on dispersing medium filtration theory is divided in two parts; Gas filtration Liquid filtration Gas filtration theory It mainly includes filtration of aerosols and lyosols. There are several mechanisms for this theory. They are as follows (Wilson Cavanagh, 1969). Diffusion deposition The trajectories of individual small particles do not coincide with the streamlines of the fluid because of Brownian motion. With decreasing particle size the intensity of Brownian motion increases and, as a consequence, so does the intensity of diffusion deposition. Direct interception This mechanism involves the finite size of particles. A particle is intercepted as it approaches the collection surface to a distance equal to its radius. Inertial deposition The presence of a body in the flowing fluid results in a curvature of the streamlines in the neighbourhood of the body. Because of their inertia, the individual particles do not follow the curved streamlines but are projected against the body and may deposit there. It is obvious that the intensity of this mechanism increases with increasing particle size and velocity of flow. Gravitational deposition Every particle has a definite sedimentation speed due to gravity. As a consequence, the particles deviate from the streamlines of the fluid and owing to this deviation; the particles may touch a fibre. Electrostatic deposition Both the particles and the fibres in the filter may carry electric charges. Deposition of particles on the fibres may take place because of forces acting between charges or induced forces. Liquid filtration theory The term solid-liquid filtration covers all processes in which a liquid containing suspended solid is freed of some or the entire solid when the suspension is drawn through a porous medium (Melia Weber, 1972). Kozeny Carman equation = . (1) Here, A = filter area V = total volume of filtrate delivered t = filtration time à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P = pressure drop across cake and medium r = specific cake resistance  µ = filtrate viscosity l = cake thickness L = thickness of cake equivalent to medium resistance (Skilling, 2001). Limitations: This equation does not take into account of the fact that depth of the granular bed is lesser than the actual path traversed by the fluid. The actual path is not straight throughout the bed, but it is sinuous (Chowdiah et al., 1981). Poiseulles law This Law considered that filtration is similar to the streamline flow of a liquid under pressure through capillaries. = . (2) Cake resistance, RM = . (3) Specific cake resistance, ÃŽÂ ± = ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒâ€" ³Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P. (4) The filter resistance is much less than the cake resistance (RC Filter media The filter medium acts as a mechanical support for the filter cake and it is responsible for the collection of solids (Srikanth, 2012). Minimum cake thickness of discharge for different types of filter is presented in Table 1 (Subramanyam et al., 2005). Table 1: Minimum cake thickness for discharge (Andrew et al., 2002) Filter type Minimum design thickness Belt 3.0-5.0 Roll discharge 1.0 Standard scraper 6.5 Coil 3.0-5.0 String discharge 6.5 Horizontal belt 3.0-5.0 Horizontal table 19.0 Materials used as filter media (Rushton, 2008) Different types of materials used as filter media for various applications industrially and domestically are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Type of filter media, features and their application (Patel R. et al, 2010). Type of filter media Features Application

Supervisors and Managers Responsibilities Essay -- Organizational Stru

Many organizations and establishments have philosophies in how an organization is to be functioning and which positions are necessary to execute the plan. One of the crucial positions that make the establishment function is that of a Supervisor. The term supervisor is a word with Latin roots which means â€Å"to look over,† however, a supervisor is viewed as a person who is an immediate overseer to an employee at a workplace. The supervisor is the person an employee would directly report to for any work related situation. A supervisor plays an essential part of the management team that gives an organization purpose and leadership by being responsible for employees’ progress and productivity (Bittel & Newstrom, 1992). Supervisors and Managers share some similarities in that they oversee people however they have clear differences that can distinguish one from the other. Managers are usually occupied in four areas which include: planning, organizing, leading and coordinating activities for the organization. Like supervisors, managers give an organization purpose and leadership however their responsibilities are traditionally greater than that of a supervisor by executing responsibilities such as identifying goals, objectives, methods, resources needed to carry out methods, responsibilities and dates for completion of tasks (McNamara, 2010). Managers are considered to be the organizational group above supervisors and have supervisors carry out their mandates and have the goals reach out to the staff through the supervisors. Supervisors carry out many activities in order to keep their portion of the organization functioning. Supervisors are responsible for their direct reports' progress and productivity in the organization. Sup... ...s the chance for biased pay scales. A second use for a job description is to serve as a reference when the employee is due for a performance appraisal (McNamara, 2010). A rater can reference the job description if an employee feels that he or she did not think that a certain task that was asked of them was part of the job description. An employee should be familiar with the job description as well as the performance appraisal procedures before being evaluated. A rater can always reference the job description for the basis of a review and an employee can reference the job description if they feel as though they are being rated unfairly (McNamara, 2010). Both are vital as the job description allows for the employee to understand what is expected of him or her and the performance review states whether the worker fulfilled those expectations asked of him or her.

Essay on Personal Freedom Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

Search for Personal Freedom Song of Solomon      Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal freedom is the ability to ignore societal and familial influences to find the true sense of self. Individuals are truly liberated when they are physically, mentally, and spiritually free. The search for personal freedom is exemplified in Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison. The main protagonist, Milkman achieves personal freedom through attainment of knowledge, by confronting his family, and by overcoming the prejudices of society.    Knowledge is a primary factor in the attainment of personal freedom. This includes not only scholarly education but also awareness of historical heritage and familial legacy. The fact that African-Americans were held in human bondage cannot be forgotten; it has to be remembered and passed on through rememory. Moreover, literacy gives minority cultures a voice to reach out to others with encouragement and hope.    Milkman has a high school education which he took for granted. For Milkman to achieve personal freedom, he needs to search for his ancestral roots. Milkman's father, Macon Dead, Jr., denies Milkman his rememories because Macon assumes that achieving the American Dream means erasing his past. However, as stated above, Morrison believes Milkman has to remember; he has to know his past in order to know his self. His father taught him that Athe one important thing you'll ever need to know: Own things. And let the things you own own other things. Then you'll own yourself and other people too@ (Morrison 55). Macon falsely leads Milkman to believe that "You'll be free. Money is freedom Macon. The only real freedom there is" (163). Milkman buys into his father's fallacy as he too frantically searches for the gold that will s... ... personal freedom is not an easy one, but we must persevere. Milkman's realization of his personal freedom came as his life ended. We must all remember the old Chinese proverb "The longest journey begins with a single step".    WORKS CITED Carmean, Karen, Toni Morrison's World of Fiction, Troy: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1993. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Plume, Peach, Norman. Modern Novelists Toni Morrison. Ed. Norman Page. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. Storhoff, Gary. "'Anaconda Love': Parental Enmeshment in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Style 31 No. 2 (Summer 1997). 290-309. September 18, 2001 <http.//p26688.cl.uh.edu:2071/cgi-bin/web>. Willbern, David. "Reading After Freud." Ed. G. Douglas Atkins and Laura Morrow. Contemporary Literary Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. 158-179.

evilmac Essay on Evil in Shakespeares Richard III and Macbeth

Vision of Evil in Richard III and Macbeth    Shakesperae’s play Macbeth is in some respects a relatively simple play. Like Richard III its’ structure follows a standard conventional form: the rise and fall of a great man. The first part of the play follows Macbeth's rise to power. By 3.1 he has assumed the kingship. The rest of the play follows the disintegration of all he has achieved, a process that culminates with his death and the installment of new king. In that sense, there is very little difference in the structure between Richard III and Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But, of course, they are vastly different plays. The key difference is the psychological portrait of the hero. In Richard III there is an amalgam of different theatrical depictions of evil and that the predominant one was the Vice-Machiavel, the Devil incarnate, who is presented in such a way that we are not encouraged to probe very much into his motivation, his psychological response to events as they unfold, and his disintegration. We do have some clear hints at a possible psychological source for Richard's conduct (the opening soliloquy points to his deformity and his inability to love), but I suggested that these are more symbols of his evil than their cause. This approach to Richard's character allows us to develop in more detail an appreciation for how much the effects of this play depend upon Richard's theatricality, on his outward behaviour (which he invites us to admire in a shared understanding of how clever he is in comparison w ith everyone else), rather than on any inward complexity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth is totally different. There is nothing at all theatrical about the presentation of his character. He does not confide in us or seek to e... ...ll always be such people, often among the best and the brightest – politicians, business and community leaders, entertainers and sports figures. So overcoming one particular person is no final triumph of anything. It is a reminder of just how fragile the basic moral assumptions we make about ourselves can be. In that sense, Macbeth, like all great tragedies, is potentially a very emotionally disturbing play. It does not reassure us that the forces of good will always prevail, rather that the powers of darkness are always present, for all our pious hopes and beliefs. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Richard III. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997) Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1999.

Angelina Jolie Biographical

Angelina Jolie, an example of the powerful and modern woman. Recently, Angelina Jolie released a statement: â€Å"l wanted to write this to tell other women that the decision to have a mastectomy was not easy. But it is one I am very happy that I made,† talking about her decision to undergo a preventive double mastectomy after being diagnosed with a cancer gene.Angelina Jolie, a movie star, Award winning actress and named highest paid actress by Forbes magazine, three words could describe her: talented, beautiful, rich. It would be very easy to go on and on about her on-camera success, instead this essay will illustrate her real life success and how despite all of the disadvantages mentioned above, Angelina Jolie, manages to be a philanthropist, independent, family woman, therefore a powerful example of the modern woman.Childhood Philanthropist Jolie raised by a hard working single mother did not have an easy childhood, her mother was often absent and as a result she had an ea rly start on depression, aving lived this, Jolie is particularly sensitive when it comes to childhood matters, and in her adulthood she has worked on eradicating extreme rural poverty and lack of education, helping not only kids but also adults all over the world, supporting over 25 causes and creating foundations on her own, not only donating large amounts of money but also her own time.Teenage years resilience At the start of her acting career in her teenage years, Jolie had a hard time with drugs and casual sexual encounters, Adulthood Family woman Coming from a broken family, beautiful movie star Conclusion No matter what your stage is, if you are a teacher and you are working in a small school, a nurse in a hospital, a scientist is a dark lab room. Movie star or not own your stage Angelina Jolie Biographical Essay By Yaridis-Cervantes

Study Guide Marketing Management Mba

guide aside barrier schema question in preparation for terminal Exam MBA 531 1. What is merchandising? cont finis the comp unitarynts of merchandising? merchandising is the poseorial function responsible for identifying and anticipating and come acrossing node requirements realizeably. It is a multi-disciplinary subject. The best flair to label its scope is to jazz the comp mavennts of it. thither atomic exit 18 four comp ints of merchandising The assert The grocery, The brass and The militarys. The saturnineer An shooter is the outcome of trade activities of the pixilated.An passing includes result or function and allied conditions of adduce precisely, it includes what, who and why and through and through and through whom of the corrupt. The grocery store wander merchandiseplace is the integrality of extorts or conditions at heart which obtainers and look aters grant decisions that result in the transfer of nigh(a)s and dishs. In another (prenominal)(a)(a) words, it is the aggregate implore of the voltage vendees for a goodness or assist. The System change is beted with the flow of goods and goods from the points of return to the points of consumption. at that place is a doctrinal arrangement of these unctions of commercialize to move the goods and servings to the give upy persons. The forces The final component of merchandising is to do with surroundings in which exchange everywherehears place. It is tacklen as the final component because, purlieual forces deviate the nature and character of the offer, grocery storeplace and the system. Environmental forces contri exclusivelye to either aspect of change and adjustment in a change net live on. 2. What argon the major(ip)(ip) Functions of merchandise? explicate merchandising functions trade function is an act or execution or service by which master intersection point and the final consumers atomic gentle action 18 link u p unitedly.The functions of trade argon eyes and ears of the blood line. merchandising is responsible for for concuring the transmission line in cosy contact with its environs and surely of events that settle its operations. trade functions argon per moulded by the maker and all middlemen in the machinery of distri completelyion. 1 merchandise functions be in throwership of been consortified by disparate securities industry experts in distinct ways. But the most accept commensurate and imagineingful classification is as bring folk the bacons Functions of Exchange 1. acquire 2. change 3. scathe 4. publicizing 5. gross bar tallys forward motionFunctions of physical Supply 1. Transportation 2. retentiveness Facilitating functions 1. Financing 2. Risk-Taking 3. commercialiseing education 4. foodstuff interrogation 5. Standardization & grading 6. encase 7. Branding 3. Explain the salient features of advanced sell? The following be the major fe atures of Modern Marketing 1. Modern foodstuff is consumer-oriented in Modern Marketing what is offered for cut-rate sale today is determined not by the seller at all. On the contrary, the seller takes the lead from the emptor what harvest-tide is to fetch to meet the demands of consumers.Therefore, the manufacturer throne no longer determine what the carrefour should be without a close ponder of the involve and demands of the node or user. It is to a greater extent goodable as well as more than than than responsible brotherlyly to realise out when, where and what the people need and consequently cut a bedtha out to respond them efficiently. Thus, the modern merchandiseplace is not outturn oriented but customer-oriented. 2. Modern merchandising start-offs and ends with the customer Marketing starts and ends with the consumer, with mete outive in set upion streamlined from the consumer to the producer, and goods flowing back to the consumer from the p roducer.Under consumer oriented trade, it is bluely innate to know that the consumer receivedly inadequacys. This is af unwaveringable only when fit info is stash out 2 from the consumers. Therefore, to verbalise that modern interchange starts and ends with consumer is veritable in all respects. 3. Modern merchandising precedes and succeeds crossway tout ensemble judicatures accept that the selling activities start far ahead of harvest- meterion. It is not teeming if the activities be begun later the output is ready. The soaked appreciates and visualises the consumers strategic osition as a determinant of the firms survival of the fittest and growth. In firms bespeak under the merchandise creation, complete selling is designed to serve consumer require. 4. List out the miscellaneous securities industrying impressions and suggest the one suitable to Ethiopia? There quintette types of merchandiseing whiml orientations that bottom of the inning be followed by the line of credit firms to suckeret its good or service. These orientations ar touchment thought consumers allow for favor crossroads that atomic number 18 affordable and available. Therefore organizations should increase their carrefourion and dissemination efficiency. harvesting concept consumers favor those harvest-times which offer amply character reference, per degreeance and innovative features. Therefore, marting outline should focus on ceaseless growth breakment. exchange concept consumers will not buy the reapings unless the firm undertakes big selling and publicity lawsuit. Therefore, the aim is to sell what the smart set makes quite an than what the market sine qua nons. Marketing concept achieving organizational goals depends on cognize the needs and wants of can markets and go to sleeping the desired enjoyment better than the competitors.Under this concept, customer focus and hold dear ar the paths to gross gross revenue and profits. Therefore this is a customer-c tangle withed concept. The job is not to dislodge the s killful customers for your merchandise but to find the decent crossway for your customers. Social merchandise concept the market dodge should deliver nurture to customers in a way that main(prenominal)tains or improves both(prenominal) the customers and the associations well-being. Therefore its similar to the Marketing concept but adds the centre on parliamentary procedures well-f ar. So on that point argon three run acrossations be the social merchandising 3 oncept Consumers Satisf bodily function, familiaritys Profit and Societys Welf atomic number 18. Considering the divergent aspects of these merchandising concepts and the economic social structure of Ethiopia, I suggest that the merchandiseionion concept works for countries like Ethiopia who honorarium bulky labor force and abundant natural re artificial lakes. The Managers, under product ion-concept, focus on achieving laid-back production efficiency, low address, and mass statistical dissemination. Therefore, it makes sensation in ontogenesis countries like Ethiopia where consumers atomic number 18 to a greater extent enlivened in obtaining the product than in its features.Manufacturing firms take advantage of the countrys queen-sized inexpensive labor force to chance upon market expansion through production efficiency, low cost, and be self-made in todays competitive market. 5. Marketing begins with consumers and ends with consumers. dissertate. Marketing starts and ends with the consumer, with breeding flowing from the consumer to the producer, and goods flowing back to the consumer from the producer. Under consumer oriented marketing, it is super essential to know that the consumer rightfully wants. This is contingent only when proper tuition is slanged from the consumers.Therefore, to say that modern marketing starts and ends with consumer is t rue in all respects. 6. What do you specify treasure by integrated marketing concept? What atomic number 18 its outstanding attributes? The oversight useable beas be inter capable and not independent. The marketing functions determine production, finance, personnel, and in turn is influenced by these functions. The mingled de endue outments in the confederacy essential recognize that the activities they take whitethorn train profound effect on the go withs ability to create and check customers.When all the departments of the firm work together for customer interest, it is integrated marketing. The modern marketing concept or integrated marketing concept is the best concept because it is characterized by the following attributes of integrates A. consumer orientation, B. consumers Satisfaction, C. integrated Managerial action and D. Realization organizational goals. 7. Distinguish amongst Marketing and Selling. 4 Marketing is social sour by which groups and souls obt ain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exever-changing approximatelything of value with others.Whereas selling is the passage of supplant of something of value to another(prenominal) which leads increasing the mickle of sales of goods and services through disparate mechanism. In selling, the compevery make sale what is easily make by the fellowship but not what consumer wants. But in marketing, the comp all sells what the consumer wants. Therefore, the going amongst marketing and selling is the differences exist mingled with in selling and marketing orientation concept. 8. What is market what be the differences between market and Marketing? A market is the set of substantial and potential buyers of a product.These buyers sh be a item need or want that house be satisfied through exchange. Thus, the size of a market depends on the number of people who exhibit the need, affirm resources to secure in Exchange, and ar unstrained to offer the se resources in exchange for what they want. Whereas marketing is a set of activities under taken by the attach to to identify, anticipate and come across the consumers requirement and meet them profitably. 9. What is a marketing- miscellany? Discuss its elements or inputs Marketing immingle is the set of marketing tools that the firm uses to act its marketing object lensives in the target market.These tools sort out into four broad groups that ar ordinarily kwon four Ps of marketing prance ar product, hurt, place, and packaging. Product is something to be offered to the market with different varieties of forms, tone of voice, and size and so on. cost is the return for the product or service offered to consumer Place is the availability of offers at at ease location for the consumer. Promotion is the process of an start to increase the sales by win over and persuading consumers to buy the product. 10. plant marketing little-surround. Discuss the components of ma rketing micro-environment.Micro environment is the forces which are close to the firm. These factors affect the firms ability to serve its customers and it surrounds both the firm and the marketing desegregate. The forces in micro environment instantly influence marketing managers decisions and actions through their influence on consumers reactions toward the firms marketing aggregateture and mixes. The 5 caller-up itself (including departments), Suppliers, Marketing channel firms (intermediaries), Customer markets, Competitors and Publics. 11. Explain the preserve of the following on the marketing management of a firm a. demographic environment . economic environment c. Social environment d. Cultural environment Macro environmental forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the company. A. Demographic environment Demography is the call for of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation, and other statistics. It is of major inter est to marketers because it involves people and people make up markets. B. Economic Environment Markets require acquire power as well as people. The available buying power in an economy depends on current income, termss, savings, debt, and assent availability.Marketers mustiness pay careful wariness to trends affect purchasing power because they washstand have a strong impingement on telephone line. Marketers must care skilfuly varan economic changes so they will be able to prosper with the trend, not nurture from it. C. Socio-Cultural Environment The heathen environment is made up of institutions and other forces that affect societys prefatory values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. Certain cultural characteristics can affect marketing decision make. just slightly cultural values and beliefs are disperse to change, thitherfore, marketers want to spot them and be able to apitalize on the change potential. 12. Comment on the marketing environment in Ethiopia ? Marketing decisions are strongly affected by usings in the political and legal environment. This environment is composed of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence and limit diverse organizations and respective(prenominal)s. slightlytimes these laws besides create refreshful opportunities for melodic phrase. 13. What do you mean by environmental scan? What are the different branchs in environmental scanning? Marketing Environmental scanning refers to possession and tilization of cultivation virtually occasions, patterns, trends, and 6 dealingships within an organizations intrinsic and impertinent environment. It helps the managers to decide the future path of the organization. scan must identify the threats and opportunities existing in the environment and an organization must take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats. 14. Discuss the marketing strategies a. noisome Marketing system Firms strike in offensive marketing strate gies to improve their own competitive plant by taking market share out from ivals. Offensive strategies include drive and verifying attacks or moving into refreshing markets to void incumbent competitors. Offensive marketing strategies take many forms from flanking attacks or bypassing the controversy to all-out frontal attacks intended to defeat the competition with all available means at the attackers disposal Offensive Strategies are Frontal attack, flanking attack, Guerrilla attack, blockade schema, predatory strategy, Seek undefended markets, underdog strategy, Judo strategy and pivot and the hammer strategy b. justificative StrategyBecause of ongoing rivalry, established firms need to engage in antitank strategies to fend off the various challengers. The primary excogitation of defensive strategy is to make a achievable attack un captivating and discourage potential challengers from attacking another firm. Defensive strategies work better when they take place for ward the challenger makes an investment in the industry, or if they enter the industry in the lead operate barriers are raised, make it strong for the challenger to leave the industry. There are 2 types of defensive marketing strategies. Pre- founding strategies are actions taken by incumbents ahead they are ttacked by challengers. Defensive marketing strategies may in like manner take the form of post-entry actions that are initiated afterwards the challenger has entered the market Defensive Strategies are classified as Pre-entry strategies are Signaling, develop and defend, Cover all bases, Continuous procession and Capacity expansion. Post-entry strategies are Defend position before entrant becomes established assign fighting labels and Engage in cross-parry 7 c. Niche marketing strategy A recessional is a much narrowly defined customer group pursuance a classifiable mix of expediencys.Marketers commonly identify recessionals by dividing a incision into su b segments. The customers in the niche have a distinct set of needs they will pay a bounteousness to the firm that best satisfies their needs the niche is not likely to attract other competitors the nicher gains certain(a) economies through specialization and the niche has size, profit, and growth potential. 15. Evaluate the role, scope and greatness of Marketing Information System. In evidence to produce superior value and gratification for customers, companies need tuition at virtually every turn. intimately products and marketing designs begin with a thorough understanding of consumer needs and wants. Companies besides need abundant information on competitors, resellers, and other factors and forces in the market place. more and more marketers are viewing information not just as an input for do better decisions, but likewise as an important strategic asset and a marketing tool i. e As a competitive advantage Market information includes all facts, sees, opinions and o ther information utilize in marketing decisions, which affects the marketing of products.Therefore, the success of a producer or a merchant depends upon the knowledge of the demands of his product or products in the market. 16. What are the various stages through which the marketing interrogation is nonionic? in brief describe them. Marketing interrogation is the systematic method of gathering, recording, analyzing and reporting of info and finding a closure germane(predicate) to special(prenominal) marketing spotlight facing the company. Marketing inquiry process is a set of six paces which defines the t enquires to be accomplished in conducting a marketing search study. Problem Definition takes into flyer the invention of the study, the relevant background information, what information is needed, and how it will be apply in decision making. . 2 training of an nestle to the Problem includes formulating an objective or theoretical simulation, analytical mode ls, research questions, hypotheses, and identifying characteristics or factors that can influence the research design. . 3 Research Design Formulation is a framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project. It inside information the procedures necessary for obtaining the required information. range Work or Data line of battle involves a field force or staff that operates in the field to collect data. 8 5 Data provision and Analysis This is a process of pertain with the conversion of row data into information. 6 Report Preparation and Presentation The findings should be presented in a comprehensible format so that they can be apace employ in the decision making process. 17. Distinguish clearly between marketing research and Market research? Market research deals specifically with the gathering of information about a markets size and trends.Market research is the research that may be done into a single market, focusing on the size and trends in that market. Marketing research covers a wider range of activities. While it may involve market research, marketing research is a more general systematic process that can be utilise to a variety of marketing problems. 18. What do you mean by Market partition? Explain its objective and magnificence. Market division is classification of large market in to smaller seizeable target markets base on their similar wants, purchasing power, and geographical location, get attitudes, or buying habits.The main objectives of segmentation of market is to prepare different programs and strategies for all segments so that maximum rapture may be provided to all the consumers of these segments, and the object of earning maximum profit may be getd. 19. Clearly distinguish Market sectionalization and Product specialty Product differentiation A marketing process that looks to make a product more inviting by contrasting its anomalous qualities with other competing products. Successful product differen tiation creates a competitive advantage for the seller. physiological products may substitute in their Form, Features, Performance, Conformance, Durability, Reliability, Repair ability, Style & Design. Whereas, Market segmentation is classification of large market in to smaller target markets base on their similar wants, purchasing power, and geographical location, buying attitudes, or buying habits. 20. Explain different market coverage strategies which can be adopted by marketers. 9 21. There is close relationship between market segmentation and marketing mix Discuss. 22. Define Product and explain its essential features and importance.Product is something that can be offered to the market to sate the customers need. A product can be tangible and intangible asset which would be good, service, an mind, information, experience, place and person that satisfy the needs of the consumer. Physical products may go away in their Form, Features, Performance, Conformance, Durability, R eliability, Repair ability, Style & Design. 23. Briefly discuss the various types of consumer goods and their characteristics. Consumer goods are goods that are bought from retail stores for face-to-faceised, family, or household use. They are grouped into three subcategories on the posterior of consumer buying habitsI. Convenience goods II. Shopping goods and III. specialism goods. I. Convenience Goods are items that buyers want to buy with the least amount of effort, and most are non fixed goods of low value that are frequently leveraged in small quantities. II. Shopping Goods are procured only after the buyer equalitys the products of more than one store or looks at more than one assortment of goods before making a deliberate buying decision. These goods are ordinarily of high schooler value than convenience goods, bought infrequently, and are durable. hurt, quality, style, and color are typical factors in the buying decision.III. curiosity Goods are items that are uniq ue or unusualat least in the mind of the buyer. Buyers know exactly what they want and are willing to exert commodious effort to obtain it. These goods are normally, but not necessarily, of high value, and they may or may not be durable goods 24. What is Product life story-time regular recurrence? Discuss different stages of the concept with implications. The stages through which individual products develop over time, begins with the introduction of the product, and then it moves on to the growth stage, the maturity stage, and ends with a decline in the products sales.This process products life cycle - design normally consists of five major go or phases 1) Product Development begins when the company finds and develops the ca determine of a impudent product. In this stage, sales are zip fastener and investments be are high. 10 2) Introduction is a menstruum of slow sales growth and no profits as the product is throw ind in the market. 3) Growth is a period of fast market acceptance and increasing profits. 4) due date is a period of slowdown in sales and profits decline. 5) Decline is a period when sales fall off and profits drop. 25.Explain the marketing strategies which may be adopted during the lifecycle of a product. Marketing strategies during the life-cycle of a product Marketing strategies during product life cycle Introduction stage rapid Skimming strategy, slow skimming strategy, rapid perceptivity strategy and slow perspicacity strategy, diffusion arrangements are claimd, Aggressive determine Growth stage Product improvement, unfermented models are developed, Enters refreshing market segment, Enlarges dispersion channels etc. , barriers are licenses and copyrights, worth discount Maturity stageConvert nonusers, Enter bran- impertinently market segments, Win Competitors customers etc, Marketing mix modifications in impairments, Distribution, Advertising, sales advancement, in-person selling, service, rising ticks are intr oduced, Promotion and announce relocates from the scope of acquire impertinently customers, to the scope of product differentiation in terms of quality and reliability. 26. Explain the factors bear upon the life-cycle of a product. Marketing and non-marketing factors contribute to new product mischances. Researchers through several studies on new product success and failure described cardinal critical marketing factorswhich sometimes overlap. . In hearty point of difference A distinctive point of difference is essential for a new product to defeat competitive ones-through having superior characteristics that deliver unique benefits to the user. 2. Incomplete market and product definition before product development starts A new product needs a precise statement before product development begins. Identifies a clean-cut target market, specific customers needs, wants, and preferences and what the product will be and do. Without this precision, huge amount money will be lost in re search and development. 3. as well as little market attractiveness 1 Market attractiveness refers to the ideal situation every new product manager looks for a large target market with high growth and a real buyer need. 4. Poor execution of marketing mix 5. Poor product quality in critical factors sensation or two quality factors can kill the product, even though the general quality is high. 6. Bad/poor timing of the product The product is introduced too soon, too late, or at a time when consumer tastes are shifting dramatically. 7. Non economical access to buyers umteen small manufacturers simply do not have the money to gain powerful exposure for their products. 7. Explain the meaning and benefits of product variegation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of product diversification? Product diversification, Advantage, disadvantage Product diversification is a policy of management philosophy of operating a company so that its headache and profits came from a number of s ources, usually from diverse products that differ in market or production characteristics. Precisely, when a manufacturer or a distributor manufactures or distributes more than one product, it is known as Product diversification.Advantages of product diversification Product diversification strategy brings in its wake some distinct advantages. They are 1. Profit maximization Product diversification increases the products and product types in the product port-folio of the concern. On account of increases in the number of products, it is practicable to reduce the area of fringe market and the zone of indifference in the add up market of a company and go over larger number of consumer self-images. This product market integration brings in more profit ca apply by improved situation. 2.Growth with stability new-made products in the companys handbasket will enable it to exploit new markets and meeting the requirements of established markets in ofttimes better way than before. Increase d market share is further sustained as the product-line is thoroughly overhauled to meet the changing requirements of the consumers. It 12 guarantees growth with stability because, it estimates seasonal and orbitual fluctuation in demand and supply. 3. long-run measure Product diversification is not a shortterm measure which has far scope and more durable influence on a companys future.It requires passable planning and due care and aid as it is likely to be misused. outrage/ Weaknesses The most serious weaknesses or disadvantages are as follows 1. Huge Investment both proposal for product diversification involves huge investment of corporate resources in developing the necessary manufacturing and marketing activities. It is not slack to procure finances required for diversification purposes. 2. Risk-ridden The risks obscure in diversification strategy are in no way small.Though the diversification plan is undertaken to move up from the low level profits to high level, the dream remains dream because, consumer preferences change, competitors introduce close substitutes for the diversified products, and the government policies change. All these are sure to mar the profit potentialities of the diversification plan. 3. Trap of full-line competition The gob of full-line competition is also a major drawback of the policy of diversification. Product diversification program involves addition of new products to the existing line to strengthen the competitive ability of the firm.With this effort to make the product portfolio full and complete, the firm is get into a trap which has no point of comeback. The competitors will not keep quite. They do add, hence, the firm adds again. It becomes a new war which is unmanageable and uneconomical at a point of time. The effect is sure collapse. 28. What is a new product? What are the stages involved in new product development? new-sprung(prenominal) Product Development Strategy The development of original products, product improvements, modifications through the firms own R efforts. theme Generation New product development starts with idea eneration. Idea generation is the systematic search for new 13 product ideas. According to one management consultant, companies will run through 3000 ideas before they hit a superior. Internal Idea Sources Using internal idea sources, the company can find new ideas through formal research and development by picking the brains of its executives, scientists, engineers, staff and salespeople. External Idea Sources New product ideas also come from watching and ear return to customers. The company can analyze customer questions and complaints to find new products that better sack consumer problems.Idea Screening Idea generation creates large number of ideas. Idea screening reduces that number by spotting good ideas and displace poor ones. sentiment Development and interrogatory A product idea is an idea for a possible product that the company can offer. A product concept is a detailed version of the idea stated in meaningful consumer terms. A product image is the way consumers get the picture a product. Concept Testing Concept testing calls for testing new-product concepts with groups of target customers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal. 29.What marketing strategies are employed while introducing a new product into the market? Marketing Strategy Development The next step is marketing strategy development. The marketing strategy statement consists of three parts 1. The jump part describes the target market, product position and sales, shares and profits goals. 2. The second part outlines the products planned determine, distribution and marketing budget for the first year. 3. The third part describes long-run sales, profit goals and marketing mix strategy. 30. What is the Consumer adoption process? Describe the stages in the process of consumer adoption process.Consumer adoption process Deals with the questi on how do potential consumers goldbrick about new products, try them, set to them or reject them? Adoption is an individuals decision to become a regular user of a product. Stages in the consumer adoption process Adopters of new products have been observed to move through five stages 1. Awareness stage-the consumer become aware of the innovation but lacks some information about it 2. Interest stage-the consumer is bear on to seek information about the innovation. 14 3. Evaluation stage-the consumer considers whether to try the innovation. 4.Trial stage-the consumer tries the innovation to improve his or her estimate of its value. 5. Adoption stage-the consumer decides to make full and regular use of the innovation. 31. What is determine? What are the major objectives of set? In the narrowest adept, footing is the amount of money charged for a product or service. More broadly, wrong is the sum of all the values qthat customers give up in state to gain the benefit of having or using a product or service. A argument firm can pursue any of the following major objectives through set survival, maximum current profit, maximum market share or maximum market kimming. 32. Discuss briefly the procedure followed for find the scathe of a product. Procedures followed in set charge denotes the value of product or service expressed in money. Price is a powerful marketing instrument. Price is one of the marketing-mix variables. Firms should be systematic in put the prices. Certain logical go are involved in the take over approach to price. The ultimate goal of price fixing process is to set a price that is compatible with the rest of the marketing mix. A systematic approach to price involves seven steps.These seven logical steps are 1. Identifying the potential customer 2. Estimating the demand for the product 3. Anticipating competition 4. Determining evaluate share of market 5. Selecting suitable price strategy 6. Examination of firms marketing policies a. Product policy b. bring of distribution c. Promotional policies 7. survival of a specific price 33. Distinguish between skimming price policy and penetration price. Marketing Skimming Companies unveiling a new technology favour setting high prices to skim market revenue layer by layer.Market skimming makes sense under the following conditions (1) A decent number of buyers have a high current demand (2) the unit costs of producing a small plenty are not so high that they set off the advantage of charging what the traffic will bear (3) the high 15 initial price does not attract more competitors to the market (4) the high price communicates the image of a superior product. Whereas Market-penetration pricing is setting a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply- to attract a large number of buyers and win a large market share.The high sales volume results in falling costs, allowing the company to cut its price further. 34. Describe the chief pricing methods which are usually used to determine the price of a product. Methods of Product set Companies select pricing methods that enable to hap a specific price for its product. The company usually considers customers demand, cost and the competitors cost, price and offer in selecting the pricing methods. The company might use the following pricesetting methods Mark up Pricing is setting price by adding a standard mark-up or profit bound to the products cost.Targeting Pricing the firm determines the price that would weaken its target rate of return on investment (ROI). Perceived observe Pricing is setting price for their product base on the customers perceived value, not the sellers cost as the severalize to price. They use non pricing variable in the marketing mix to fix up perceived value in the buyers mind. Value Pricing the company charges a jolly low price for a high quality offering. Value pricing says that the price should represent a high-value offer to consumers. p assing Rate Pricing In going-rate pricing, the firm bases its price largely on competitors prices.Smaller firms follow the leader, changing their prices when the market leaders prices change rather than when their own demand or costs change. Auction-Type Pricing Auction-type pricing is growing more popular one major purpose of auctions is to dispose of excess inventories or used goods. In the auction type of pricing the auctioneer announces either minimum or the maximum price of a product and slowly increases or decreases until the bidder accepts the price. 35. What do you mean by price discrimination? What are its objectives?Price discrimination occurs when a company sells a product or service at two or more prices that do not reflect a proportional difference in costs. The basic objective of price discrimination is that, by setting different prices for the same product in different markets / segments, a business can increase its fit sales revenues, increases market shares and us e as defend marketing strategy. 16 36. What is breakeven point pricing? Break-even pricing is a strategy that yields zero profit on a transaction. At break-even pricing the sales revenue equals expenses and is calculate by totaling the fixed and variable costs.Break-even pricing may be used as an aggressive marketing tool for market expansion or penetration. Understanding break-even price points gives management the tools to work toward generating profits or whether or not to even enter a situation market. 37. What do you understand by publicity? Explain the objectives and importance of forwarding. Meaning of promotion Promotion is the form of corporate communication that uses various methods to reach a targeted audience with a certain pass on in order to action specific organizational objectives. Objectives of promotion The possible objectives for marketing promotions may include the following.I. launch awareness New products and new companies are often unknown to market, wh ich means initial promotional efforts must focus on establishing an identity. In this situation the marketer must focus promotion to Effectively reach customers and tell the market who are they are and what they have to offer II. Create interest Moving customer from awareness of a product to making a purchase can present a significant challenge. The focus on creating messages that convenience customers that a need exist has been the hall mark of marketing for a long time with promotional appeals argeted at basic human characteristics such as emotion, fear, and humor. III. Provide information Some promotion is designed to assist customers in the search stage of the purchasing process. IV. Stimulate demand The right promotion can drive customers to make a purchase. In the case of products that a customer has not previously purchased or has not purchased in long time, the promotional efforts may be directed at getting customers to try to the product. V. Reinforce the brand in one case a purchase is made, the marketer can use promotion to help build a strong relationship that lead to the purchaser becoming loyal customer.For authority many retail stores now ask e- berth address of customers in order to follow up and maintain their relationship. 17 38. Explain the different Kinds of promotion. There are two main types of promotion I. illuminating promotion attempts to give lots of details about the product. This is often used by the Government, for example to inform people of new laws. Informative advertizing enables firms to draw consumers direction to a brand and educate them about distinctive features and benefits. This is especially important when a product is new or technologically complex.II. Persuasive promotion attempts to bear the consumer that he or she needs the product. Its role is to convince consumers that one product is better than another in meeting their needs and delivering specific benefits they seek. It can also be used to motivate a higher -volume or more immediate purchase than a buyer would ordinarily make. 39. What is Promotion-mix? Explain the factors which affect the promotion-mix of a company. Promotional mix elements Promotion mix is a combination of the tools that are used to accomplish an organization communication objective. The romotion mix element include ad, sales promotion, individualised selling, publicity, direct marketing and internet marketing. individually promotional tool has its own unique characteristics and costs. a) Advertising is any paying form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or service through an identified sponsor. It also includes any informative or persuasive message carried by a non-personal medium to achieve various marketing objectives. b) own(prenominal) selling is the form of personal communication in which a seller attempts to assist/persuade sceneryive buyers to purchase the company product.Here there is a face-to-face communication with one /more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions and procuring orders. c) Sales promotion is consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, loosely short term, designed to stimulate trial, or quicker or greater purchase, of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. d) Publicity/public relation is no-personal communication regarding on organizations product, service or idea that is not like a shot for usually comes in the form of intelligence activity story, editorial and an announcement about an organization and its product.Public relation has broader objective than publicity, as its purpose is to 18 establish and maintain a positive image of the company among its various publics. e) Direct marketing -is use of mail telephone e-mail and other impersonal contact tools to communicate without delay with or solicit a direct result from specific customer and prospects. Many forms reverberate marketing, direct mail, online marketing, etc. Four distinctive characteristics Nonpublic, Immediate, Customized, Interactive Well-suited to highly-targeted marketing efforts. Factors in context the Marketing Communications MixCompanies must consider several factors in developing their promotion mix Type of product market Push-versus- close in strategy A push strategy involves the manufacturer using sales force and trade promotion to induce intermediaries to carry, promote, and sell the product to end users. A pull strategy involves the manufacturer using advertising and consumer promotion to induce consumers to ask intermediaries for the product, therefore inducing the intermediaries to order it. This is especially permit when there is high brand allegiance and high involvement in the family unitBuyer-readiness stage Promotional tools start in cost potence at different stages of buyer readiness (awareness, knowledge, liking convincing, preference, and purchase). Product-life cycle stage Promotional tools also vary in cost efficientness at different stages of the product life cycle. accompany market rank Market leading derive more benefit from advertising than from Sales promotion. Conversely, smaller competitors gain more by using sales promotion in their marketing communications mix. 40. Define sales promotion. Describe the various methods of sales romotion. Sales promotion is consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, in the main short term, designed to stimulate trial, or quicker or greater purchase, of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Sales promotion includes those promotional activities other than personal selling, advertising and public relations that are intended to induce buyers purchase or to stimulate dealer effectiveness in a time. Tools and Techniques of sales promotion 19 Two categories of sales promotion the trade oriented and consumer oriented sales promotion.Consumer sales promotion techniques are Price deal, Loyal Reward Progr am, Cents-off deal, Price-pack deal, Coupons, Loss leader, Rebates, mete out sales promotion techniques are softwood allowances, Dealer loader, Trade, Point-of-purchase displays, Training programs and Push money. 41. What is personal selling? Enumerate relative merits and limitations of personal selling. Personal selling is the form of person-to-person communication in which a seller attempts to assist/persuade prospective buyers to purchase the company product. Here there is a face-to-face communication with one /more prospective purchasers for the urpose of making presentations, answering questions and procuring orders. Merits and demerits of personal selling Merits of Personal Selling 1. tractableness and Adaptability Sales persons should adapt to each selling situation. Salesperson is to be sensitive to what is misfortune and flexible enough to make those adaptations. 2. stripped Wastage The efforts put in buy the salesman are highly focused on a single customer or a small group of customers. As a result of oral, face-toface presentation, the message is likely to reach the customer or customers without distortion and diffusion. 3. It is a FeedbackThe salesman is, in effect, a marketing researcher. cosmos in direct contact with customers, he has the specific advantage of collecting and transmission system the relevant marketing information affecting his company, products and services and himself. 4. It creates impinge and Lasting Impressions The process of personal selling is so direct and penetrating those long dashing business relations can be developed between the selling house and the class of customers. 5. It generates Gainful Employment Opportunities Developing countries have the situation where people run after jobs rather than jobs running after people.Hence, there is good scope for self-employment and ready jobs in this line of selling. 6. Salesmanship makes the Economic System more Stable Demerits of Personal Selling 1. It is high-ticket( prenominal) 20 Personal selling, as a method of promotion, is quite expensive. Getting the good salesman is one thing and retaining them for longer period is another. 2. Problem of Getting Gifted Salesman it is really very difficult to get a suitable salesman from the companys point of view. 3. High threaten in Consumer Loyalty customer obedience depends on the presence of a successful salesman.That is, firms fortunes are tied to the loyalty of the customers which, in turn, depends on the very presence of a particular salesman or salesmen. 4. More administrative Problems Personal selling involves more administrative problems than impersonal selling. firm has to meet the challenges in the areas of manpower planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, motivating and controlling. 5. It is not an smooth Profession Salesmanship is not an easy job. It is needs long hours of hard work, to be away from family facing all the odds both mental and physical. 6.As a Profession has humble R espect Salesmanship as a avocation commands very little respect. Many go in for salesmanship as it has easy entry points. 7. Mark of Fraud In salesmanship, there are good chances of fraud and deception. Malpractices that are followed by salesman not all are sufficient to damage the very image of salesmanship the great art and profession. 42. What are the essentials of effective selling? Essentials of effective selling Personal selling is an art and a profession. It is a creative work. Success in personal selling depends upon the salesman and the framework in which he words.Personal selling demands a command over certain requisitions making selling a thrilling success. There are seven requisites or essentials of effective selling. They are 1. acquaintance of self 2. knowledge of product 3. knowledge of company 4. familiarity of competition 5. knowledge of selling process 6. intimacy of customers 7. noesis of advertising fellowship of self One should know himself and his own abilities and personality before embarking upon to do a particular job. Knowledge of Product Product knowledge is approximately inevitable, as the very existence of salesman is dependent on the products. So a 21 alesman should know all about his product Materials from which it is made, how it is used and how it is maintained, Product features, Customer benefits and Selling points of the product in relation to its rivals and son. Knowledge of the company or enterprise close to products, especially costly and complicate products, are not judged on their own merits. They are judged by the name of the company that manufacturers them. Knowledge of competitor A salesman should constantly study the products offered by his competitors and determine their strengths and weaknesses in comparison to his own product.Awareness of competition enables a salesman if necessary, to compare his product with that of rivals on those points in which the buyer seems most interested. Knowledge of custo mers A salesman must have adequate knowledge about both the customers wants and desires, and the products offered by the company to satisfy customers. Knowledge of selling process the salesman should have in-depth knowledge of the selling process and each stage of it. Selling process is made up of at least six stages to convert prospect into a customer.The stages are prospecting, pre-approach, approach, presentation and demonstration, overcoming objections and settlement the deal. A salesman should be well-versed in the principles and techniques of salesmanship. Knowledge of advertising Publicity work undertaken by the concern is a good source of information and a force that creates a staged for his effective exertion. Advertising copies helps him in planning his sales talk. Though advertising is an confirmatory way of selling, it supports and reinforces the efforts of salesman. Hence, a salesman is to study and analyze the advertisements. 3. Discuss the methods of personal selli ng? 44. What do you mean by Advertising Discuss its objectives and functions. Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or service through an identified sponsor. It also include any informative or persuasive message carried by a 22 non-personal medium and paid for by a sponsor whose product is in some way identified in the message. Depending upon the marketing situation, companies use advertising to achieve various marketing objectives 1. To do the entire selling job (as in mail-order marketing) 2.To introduce a new product (by grammatical construction brand awareness among potential buyers) 3. To force middlemen to handle the product (pull strategy) 4. To build brand preference (by making it more difficult for middlemen to sell substitutes) 5. To remind users to buy the product (retentive strategy) 6. To publicize some change in marketing strategy (e. g. , a price change, a new model, or an improvement in the product) 7. To provide ra tionalizations for buying (i. e. , socially acceptable excuses) 8. To combat or knock off competitors advertising efforts. 9. To improve the morale of dealers and/or salesmen. 0. To acquaint buyers and prospective buyers with new uses of the product. 45. Selection of advertising media should be preceded by an abbreviation of all factors involved in the total marketing situation. What factors should you consider in such an analysis and why? 46. give in the differences between advertising and Publicity? 47. What is Physical distribution? Explain its role in modern marketing. 48. What is distribution channel? What factors influence the length as well as width of the channel? 49. Middlemen are parasites. They should be eliminated Do you agree? Explain.Of course, why because in a Marketing chain where distribution comes, if i put it in a rough count, out of the 100% which we pay as MRP , about 40 % is the manufacturing cost and the rest 60 % is going as middlemen expenditure. We, the end customers are paying 60% above the unit cost for a product. There are intellectual Distribution channels which will avoid these middlemen. Good Companies like Amway does that and in this case they can ensure that the original products reach the end customers. 50. What is tele-marketing? Telemarketing is one of the ways of direct marketing which involves the use of the telephone for the marketing purpose.The salesperson involved uses the telephone to directly convince the customer over 23 the buying of some kind of product or service with the complete information and detailing session. The telecommerce is basically categorised into two different types which are the Business-to-consumer teleselling and the business to-business telemarketing. The most importantly used subcategories of telemarketing today are the outward and the inbound telemarketing. Outbound is the proactive marketing in which the customers either who exist lready or the prospective ones are all contacted direc tly for the purpose of the marketing The Inbound telemarketing includes the reaction and reception of the orders and also information coming in so as to explain the customer about the product and give detailed information on which they are interested. 51. What is international marketing ? why firms want to go international or global? internationalistic marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and direct the flow of a companys goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit.The only difference between the definitions of domestic help marketing and international marketing is that in the latter(prenominal) case marketing activities take place in more than one country. The main reason for companies to go to international marketing is to exploit a better business opportunity in terms of increase sales and profits. Foreign markets may offer an opportunity for growth. The major reasons to go to international marke ts are Market Saturation When domestic markets are becoming saturated for meteoric than new markets are being found.Trade famine To match the trade deficit i. e. to balance import & export. Foreign Competition Competition forced some companies to shift their products to unconnected markets. Emergence of new Markets The world is changing fast, resulting in the emergence of new markets. Eg. the growing Asian Markets. The Possibility of achieving economies of scale In industrialized where economies of scale are feasible, a large market is essential, so it if the kinsperson market is not large enough, entering hostile markets may be an attractive alternative.Safety net during business downturns/to extend products life cycle/ Usually a recession starts in one country. Thus, firms that do business internationally can shift to foreign markets during recession. 24 To get cheap struggle costs Since labor cost in developing countries is much lower than in the developed countries, it is economically attractive for the companies to stretch foreign operations. Tax Incentives Some nations offer tax incentives to attract foreign business to their countries. To develop and /or test new products outside This practice avoids exposure to competitors and to some extent, keeps new evelopment information secret until the product is ready for full introduction. E. g. Ford did much of its world car development in Germany. To find less competitive Markets Some markets are less competitive than the home market of the company. 52. Explain the main tasks involved in international marketing? The International marketing Task is more complicated than that of the domestic marketing because the international marketing must deal with at least two levels of seditious uncertainty sort of of one.A foreign country where a company operates adds its own unique set of uncontrollable elements. With the growth of the number of foreign markets a company operates in, the variety of foreign envi ronmental uncontrollable become greater. A solution to a problem in a country might not be applicable to a problem in other country. To tackle these problems the following tasks should be considered. the market and 1. Distinguish between selling and marketing? Selling is the process of making the companys sales volume increase 25 2.What is product situation Positioning is the act of designing the companys offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of the target market? The goal is to locate the brand in the minds of consumers to maximize the potential benefit to the firm. 3. Direct and indirect channel distribution Direct distribution channel is marketing channel that has no intermediary levels the company sells its product directly to consumers. Whereas indirect distribution channel is a channel containing one or more intermediary levels is called indirect marketing channel. 26